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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Traditional Custodians of the sea
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Arrived by sea 50-60,000 ybp
Population by 1700ADca. 300,000 –1,000,000. |
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Traditional culture of the sea
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Sophisticated –canoes, nets, huts, trade, complex relationships
with nature, resource management systems |
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Australia’s History of Exploration
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Ptolemy 200ADTerra Incognita Dutch (1600's)
Dutch East India Co. Abel Tasman (1644) = “worthless and uninhabitable” Captain Cook-1770's flinders1800 |
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Australia’s Maritime Economy
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Oil & Gas, Fisheries & Aquaculture, Pearls, Tourism
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Structure and content of a proper scientific report
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Title, Intro, Methods & Materials, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgment, references, units etc
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Small scale ocean flow, WAVEs
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waves moves horizontally, water at crest does to, water at trough moves opposite direction, water moves in circle in place, lowest point of movement is wave base (.5of wavelength)
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SSOF, Wind
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larger waves = increase surface area for wind, more wind makes waves rounder, faster, longer. wave size increases w/4th power of wind speed, max hgt when traveling as fast as wind
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Spring tide
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largest tide, caused when sun, moon and earth are lined up at new and full moon stages
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fetch
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the distance the wave travel, energy of wave increases with this
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neap tide
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when sun, moon, and earth are at right angle. weaker tide because the sun and moon work against each other during 1st and last quarterphase of moon
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Geostrophic flow (Large scale ocean flow)
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equilibrium bw coriolis force and pressure force, N Hemi current flow 90 degrees to pressure gradient with hp to right and lp to left
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Ekman transport in the northern and southern hemispheres
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equilibrium bw coriolis force and wind stress, N hemi current flow 90degrees to R of sea surface wind stress
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Coriolis force
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due to earth's rotation, 0@equator, max. @ poles
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coastal upwelling
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in N. hemi, coriolis effect causes water to move offshore, deep water moves up to replace surface water, wind from north, in S. Hemi same but wind from S
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eddies
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due to sudden depth change or lateral friction bw strong current and continenet, cold-core = low pressure, warm-core = high pressure
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interactions: phytoplankton,
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1st link in mars food web, 95%of marine productivity, 50% of biosphere's photosynthesis, distribution related to physical processes, need light, water, nutrients, CO2
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Cyanobacteria/Algae Evolution
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thousands of millions of years ago, protist engulfed prokaryote (prob cyanobacteria), gene transfer, first alga (Endosymbiosis)
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Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
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gametes w/flagella, unicellular, ie ulva, colonial, filaments, calcereous, size varies, more diverse inshore
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Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
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gametes no flagella, most diverse, deepest, produce calcium carbonate, small
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Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
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ie giant kelp (declining), multicellular, can be large, gametes w/flagella, most diverse inshore, overcrowd reefs lack of grazers
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Cyanobacteria
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fix nitrogen, symbiosis, some toxic
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Dinoflagellates cause
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harmful blooms, red tides
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Seagrass and mangrove- distributions
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both in tropical and temperate (mangrove in warm temperate and intertidal) seagrass inter and subtidal
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Mangrove and Seagrass ecosystem services
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nutrient and carbon cycling and storage, habitat, nursery, hydrological damping, sediment traping
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Seagrass characteristics
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herbaceous, 14 fam, low diversity, high incidence of vicariance
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mangrove characeristics
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vicariance, woody, 26 fam
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Cause of seagrass decline
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15% decline in last 10 years, eutrophication, disease, physical disturbance
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Cause of mangrove decline
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physical disturbance, clearing, agent orange defoliation, salt mining
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Protozoa
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single cell euks, psuedopods, cilia, flagella, (a)sex cell division, phago/pinocytosis, light sensitive
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Porifera-sponges
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sessile filter feeders, small pores let water in (ostia), large let it out (osculae), chemicals can be toxic, 10 cell types, (a)sex
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Annelida
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segmented worms, closed circ sytem, anus, ganglion ventral nerve cord, sensory organs, gills/respiration, most hermaphroditic, many have free swimming sexual stage, some sessile
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Cnidarians
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ecto/endo sep by mesogloea, nematocysts, 1st to have organs, coelenteron (gastrovascular cavity), radial sym, nerve nets, light reception, carnivores
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Mollusca- octopus, snails
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ventral muscular foot, eyes, head, tentacles, dorsal shell secreted by mantle, complete digestive tract, open circ system, complex CNS for inverts, sexual repro
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Arthropoda
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exoskeleton, segmented, jointed appendages, good senses, open circ system, many ways of reproduction
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Echinoderms- sea stars
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tube feet, sexual repro, radial symmethry, larvae bilateral symmetry, 3 layers, nervous system, no brain or heart, gut + anus
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Urochordata (tunicates) aka sea squirts!
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filter feeder, sessile attatched, hermaphroditic, free swimming larvae
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The main differences between cartilaginous (chondricthyes) and bony fishes
(Osteichthyes) |
cart. brain-mass to body-mass ratios dwarf those of bony, 5-7 gill slits in cart -operculum, bony 4 pairs of gills + operc, bony scales grow with age, cart new scales with age, sharks no swim bladder
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Strategies fish use to solve the trade-off between camouflage and
conspicuousness |
eyebar & eyespot, disruptive colouration=bold patterns break up body line, UV unseen to predators, countershading, camouflage, colour change, warning colouration
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Fish Feeding Mouth Structures
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Terminal mouth,Subterminal mouth Inferior mouth, Tubular mouth and premaxilla & maxilla (jaw extends outward from the mouth)
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Fish reproduction
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most separate sexes• Many change sex as they grow, damselfish
Few simultaneous hermaphrodites (Hamlets), fert out of body, male guards nest, metamorphosis from larva when settle on reef |
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Key characteristics of Cetaceans: Odontocetes
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marine mammals:Suborder Odontoceti)
• Single blowhole • Teeth • Echolocation • Not usually migratory • Often complex social structure • 10 fams ie sperm whale, dolphins, short range whistles/clicks |
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Key characteristics of Pinipeds
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Seals, Sea Lions, Walrus, Diet fish, squid, +/-crustations
• Terrestrial resting, breeding (some exceptions) • wide range marine habitats • Variable life histories –Length foraging trips –Lactation |
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Threats and issues facing marine mammals
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hunting, pollution, habitat degradation, whale watching, over fishing, disease, climate change, sea grass death, underwater noise
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Key Characteristics of Cetaceans: Mysticetes
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Suborder Mysticeti:
Two symmetrical blowholes • Baleen instead of teeth • No echolocation • Usually migratory • Relatively simple social structure • 4 families, humpback low freq. moans, long range |
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Sirenians: key characteristics
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Dugong and Manatees:
Obligate aquatic/marine mammals • Herbivores • Dugong large herds but manatee smaller groups +/-solitary • Least diverse habitat |
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challenges associated with transition from land to sea
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1 air breathers
2. locomotion-changed body shape 3. salt exclusion- salt excretion glands |
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Sea Snakes History and characteristics
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air breathe but may absorb 20% oxygen thru skin, toxic venom, inquisitive,dif bw l and r lung to swallow prey, paddle tail
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sea turtles
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lay on land, pectoral muscles, tear ducts impt, magnetic field detection, hear only low freq,
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saltwater crocs
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SE asia and N Australia, mound w/53 eggs mom guards, huge,
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historical changes to Moreton Bay and causes
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human development of land for homes, fishing, tourism, agriculture, increase of mangroves, oysters and soldier crabs, loss of seagrass, pollution sewage dumping and increased sediment
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