Mars2005Final

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Venom

Back 1

toxin injected into tissues

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Toxin

Back 2

molecule harmful to human body (biogenic substance that’s harmful)

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Poison

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toxin that’s ingested, respired, or taken up through skin

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Sea Wasp

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cnidaria, most venomous marine animal, causes confusion,irrational behavior, and loss of consciousness ligature of area and methylated spirits, prevent drowning, get antivenom

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Blue Ring Octopus

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painless bite that becomes a blister with bloody discharge-wash toxin out of bite, apply ligature, CPR call for medical assistance

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Echinoderm(crown of thorns)

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protein inhibitoers and neurotoxins: remove thorns, put in hot/cold water

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Fish poisoning -Ciguatera

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bioaccumulation in carnivorous fish of toxin originating in benthic organisms-induce vomiting, hospital and observation, maybe cpr

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Cone Shell

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painless to excruciating causing numbness- neuromuscular interfered causing muscle contraction- ligature of limb, CPR, call medical assistance

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Intertidal (littoral zone)

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fringe of the ocean floor bw highest and lowest tide, periodically exposed to air (upper littoral adapted for life in air/barren) (mid and lower submerged mostly-bottom is dominated by algae and competition for space)

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Competition for space in rocky shores: how do they compete against each other/sabotage?

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overshadow, smother, overgrow neighbors, restrict plant access to light, remove neighbors from substrate (barnacles)

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tidal range on intertidal shores

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1m-11m, depends on progression and lunar phases

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exposure on intertidal shores

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1-8 Ballantine's scale,

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Sandy shores dominated by these plants and animals:

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crabs (soldier), crustaceans, molluscs (snails), mangroves, seagrass, diotoms, tube worms, yabbies, shrimp, clams

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Sediment profile of sandy shores

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aerobic sediment, bioturbators burrow in sand allowing oxygen to reach anoxic mud

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Epipelagic zone adaptations

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swimbladders, gas bladder, storing blubber, increased water resistance, increased SA-flat shapes- (lipids/fats) to stay afloat

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Phytoplankton

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diatoms, dinoflagella, nanoplankton, base in oceanic fodweb, mostly single microalgae, huge numbers covering a vast surface area, responsible for 50% of o2 in atmosphere

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Zooplankton

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most abundant animal in the world, krill, copepods- can be herbivors/omnivores/mostly carnivores, can be big (jellyfish),

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Nekton

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swimmers, baleen whale turtles, eat other nekton, hydrodynamic, slippery mucus, small scales

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Holoplankton

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zooplankton that spent their entire lives in plankton

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Mesoplankton

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Zooplankton that spend part of their life as plankton

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Mesopelagic

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200-1000m, migrators and nonmigrators, large eyes and mouth in migrators to surface, bioluminescence as countershading using photophores, small fish, lantern fish, broad diet

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Bathy 1000-4000mand Abysspelagic 4000-6000m

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fish are drabgrey, white or black, some red, small fish some deep sea gigantism in inverts, fewer bioluminesence used to attract prey, weak flabby muscles, no eyes, ie Anglerfish

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Estuary

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semi-enclosed body of water that has access to the open ocean where seawater (33-38%) is measurably diluted by freshwater (5%)from land drainage

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Adaptations and hardships for estuaries

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extreme salinity,temp,chems- burrow in sediment, stay in areas of constant salinity moving with the tide, migration only feed or spawn there, control body's intake and output of salt and water

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derital food web

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plant dislodged/shed/broken off in the ocean, fed on by fungus and bacteria who are consumed by protists that keep the fungus and bact pops low so that they can grow rapidly and consume more detris. Detrivores strip mix of detritus and return it to cycle in their feces

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Characteristics of Cnidaria: what are corals

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all have cnidae (stingers), coelenteron, 3 tissue layers, radial symmetry , medusa or polyp stage (anthozoa don't have medusa) no CNS head heart etc

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Clonal vs. aclonal

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clonal-colonial, fission/fusion/partial death
aclonal-solitary life

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Coral Bleaching

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when zoox die due to pollution? high sea surface temp, cyanide, high UV, sedimentation, increased turbitiy

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Coral Brooding

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sex-internal fertilization, get zoox, in the coral polyp the embryo grows into a planula and is able to settle and grow on own

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Coral Broadcasting

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gametes released into the water column usually by simultaneous hermaphrodites, external fert, no zoox

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Hermatypic vs. aherms

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have symbiotic zoox to help build reef (calcium carbonate skeleton)

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Symbiotic zoox and coral

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Coral gets:energy in photosynthates, color,glycerol for fats, assitance with calcification
Zoox get- home, waste nutrients usually N and P

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Budding Coral

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new mouth formed outside original ring of parent tentacle

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Fission

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new polyp formed by oral disc invaginating to form a new mouth within original ring of tentacles

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Mass spawning

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GBR (Nov), massive simultaneous release of gametes on the same night, seasonal

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Incipient Fringing Reefs

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poorly developed reef, attached to mainland or continental islands, no platform, higher latitudes

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Fringing Reefs

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welldeveloped platform reef attached to mainland

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Ribbon Reefs

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line the continental shelf, outer barrier, narrow passages drain the lagoon during tidal flux

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Platform/Lagoonal Reefs

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big mature patch reefs, lagoon in middle formed by wave action hollowing interior

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Patch Reefs

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young corals grow up and reach the surface growing outwards with a pool in the middle

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Submerged reefs

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no intertidal component

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Crescentic reefs

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one well developed side and one not due to currents and weather

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Coral reef evolution and developement

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50mya modern corals
65mya, massive dieback
245mya- 90% of all invertebrates extinct (meteor)

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Formation of coral reefs

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18C rule, low nutrients so no competition with macroalgae, low turbidity/sediment(smothers benthic orgs), light for zoox

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Distribution of coral reefs

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carribean up to 20 genera and indopacific realm up to 70 genera

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Mesenterial Filaments

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DAM-physical, digested soft tissues excreted to burn each other, range 5 cm with wounds up to 15 cm

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Sweeper Tentacles

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DAM- range 10cm, long filament (2-3x normal) plus nematocyst on end sting other inverts or kill other coral polyps

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Overgrowth

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DAM- directly grow your polyps on top of another coral, faster grower smothers the other

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Overtopping

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IAM- grow up and over 1-40cm another coral without touching them, steals light and shade intolerant corals die, usually filious/branching/massive-flat shapes
takes months to years

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Allelopathy

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IAM- chemical (terpenoid or sarcophine) secreted to keep neighbors from getting too close

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Individual competition in corals

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facilitation, fusion, "stand offs", contact avoidance, reorientation of growth, skeleton changes, faster growth is correlated with good outcome in comp.

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Community competition in corals

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varies within habitat and geo. location, must find correction between compeitive abilities and abundance or distribution

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Characteristics of symbiosis: host and symbiont

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obligate vs. facultative
host =larger 1:10-1:100
host has range of influence on symbiont who only lives in/on a certain part of the host
lasts for some time based on balanced growth of partners

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Formation of symbiosis

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Direct transmission: restricted genetic diversity of symbiont if transmitted by infection to next host pop. or in egg cytoplasm (sponges)
Indirect: transmission from free living pops

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Inqulinism/Endoecism

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live within nest/burrow/habitat of host: anemone fish get protection and anemone get shared food and protected from other fish

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Phoresis

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for transport: imperial shrimp riding sea cucumber

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Epizooism

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attached to host: anemone on hermit crab

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Parasitism

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1000fish species >20,000 parasites, one benefits, one harmed Isopod Ectoparasite on damsel fish

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Batesian mimicry

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harmless animal looks like nasty animal, harlequin snake eel looks like banded sea snake

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Mullerian Mimicry

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unpalatable and nasty animals have similar colour patterns

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Aggressive mimicry

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anglerfish, mimic prey to attract/capture it

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Mutualistic symbiosis

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living together with some degree of permanence ie zoox and coral (intracellular)

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grazer

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an animal that directly consumes polytaxonomic autotroph assemblages (Non - selective herbivores that feed on algae that is (are) closely affixed to the substratum.”

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herbivore

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feeds on autotrophs, 16% of fish biomass

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browser

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an animal that directly and selectively consumes parts of or whole living plants

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Effects of grazing:

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1. shapes community structure
2. modulates competitive relationships
3. creates new space
4. increases turnover rates of derital system (undigestable components)
5. communicates production of reef food web

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guild

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complex of ecologically similar species co-occuring within localized areas

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fish as herbivores: how do they eat? nutrients?

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patchy, cellulos hard to digest, continuous feeding to extract sufficient nitrogen, territorial over plants, may start as carnivores, feed 1-2 pm when algae has most nutrients

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importance of grazers

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-control vertical algal growth and access to light/space
- indirectly control survival of coral, may remove new coral

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invertebrate grazers

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1. penny's crabs, reach places fish can't, scrape EAC off dead coral, feed when fish sleep, consume as much as any fish group
2. Sea urchin-lowers algal mass and increases the # of sponges and soft corals, effects lower the # herbivor and coral eating fish, increases bioerosion
(fish aren't the only key species)

Front 71

How planktivores feed

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-in schools, mostly diurnal
-most species are planktivores as larvae
-eat fish eggs, copepods, and larvaceans
-ram jaw (premaxilliary protrusion)
-don't move body when engulf prey
-small mouths and gill rakes
-visually oriented strikes, need light

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What do benthic feeders eat?

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-dominate reef communities
-eat coral polyps, sessile inverts, mobile inverts
- mobile crustaceans important on hard substrates
-molluscs important on soft substrates
-influence composition of benthic communties

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Trophic links of diurnal planktivores:

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-link reef and ocean
-recycle prey from reef system
-predation is more important than consumption of feces

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Gonochoristic

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stays the same sex for whole life, ie sharks, cardinal fish

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Sequential Hermaphrodites

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most reef rish, male to female or female to male, not at the same time, can sometimes change back

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Protandrous

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previously male, increases reproductive success to be a big female, more eggs per bang, changes once gets to a certain size ie scorpian fish

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Protogynous

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was female, usually harem where male dominates reproducing with all the females, increases reproductive success to become a male ie wrasses

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Pelagic stage is important

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controls the adult populations
1. energy saving(drifting)
2. spreads where more likely to find food (patchy)
3. avoids pulverization

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Sex change advantagesq

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1. two chances to reproduce
2. dominant fish gets to control fertilization for the rest of the group
3. reproduce while growing

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Induction

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sex change occurs due to a lack of one sex or fish is put into new environment.

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Simultaneous Hermaphrodites

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only hamlets, gonads part male and part female

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Behavioral suppression of sex change

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if a dominant male is removed or the harem is too large and splits, the dominant female becomes male ie cleaner wrasses

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human threats to corals

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1. overfishing
2. bad fishing techniques
3. urban and industrial development
4. Shipping
5. Pollution
6. Sedimentation

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climate change threats to corals

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1. Acidification (naked)
2. Bleaching Corals-more likely to succumb to disease, weaken skeleton, allow reef animals to bore into it
3. Disease

allowing algae to dominate

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natural threats to corals

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storms, disease, predators

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importance of corals

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1. Tourism- 4.6billion a yr
2. Fishing $500 million a year
3. coastal protection
4. Building materials
5. biochemicals

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dispersalists

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feel that biodiversity is most affected by migration and movement of species

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vicariance

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biodiversity evolved in an area due to vicariance events: by continental drift and location of biogeographical barriers