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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(What Parenthood Does to Parents) Early research depicted the transition to parenthood as a crisis leading to... |
A decline in marital quality and satisfaction |
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(What Parenthood Does to Parents) We know know, however, that the impact of parenthood is |
Variable |
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(What Parenthood Does to Parents) New parents show more traditional divisions of duties and lower levels of _________ compared to couple's without children |
Companionship |
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The techniques of child rearing currently taught or endorsed by educators, psychologists, and others involved with child development differ somewhat in their emphasis but share most of the following tenets: |
• Respect • Consistency and clarity • logical consequences (make a mess clean it up) • Open communication • Behavior modification |
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(Styles of Child Rearing) Authoritarian |
Parents require absolute obedience |
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(Styles of Child Rearing) Permissive/indulgent |
Parents are lenient, showing more responsive and less demanding bx |
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(Styles of Child Rearing) Authoritative |
Parents rely on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of punishment |
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(Styles of Child Rearing) Uninvolved |
Parents are neither responsive or demanding-- may suffer consequences |
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What do children need? |
• Adequate nutrition and care • Appropriate stimulation and care of newborns • Formation of at least 1 close attachment during the first 5 years • Support for family including child care while parents are at work • Protection from illness • Freedom from physical/sexual abuse • Supportive friends, both adults and kids • protection from premature adulthood |
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Researchers estimate in 2012 that there are more than ______ children under the age of 18 in same-sex couple headed households in the U.S. |
26,000 |
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Does the sexuality of parents matter most to kids (gay/lesbian parents) |
No |
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Generally, research has documented that children in ________ suffer when compared to children who live with at least 1 parent |
Nonparental households |
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One type of nonparental care- foste care, show negative effects in areas ranging from children's... |
Mental health, academic achievement, drug use, and bx problems |
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By some measures, children are "__________" later than at anytime in the past |
"growing up" |
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Most parents with adult children still feel themselves to be parents even when their "children"... |
Are middle-aged |
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Some elderly parents never ceases being parents because they provide home are for children who... |
Are severely limited either physically or mentally |
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Parent-child relationships do not flow just... |
In one direction |
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A common experience faced by many American families is the need to provide care for... |
Aging or ill parents |
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Certain circumstances creat ___________ --children forced to become caregivers for their parents well before adulthood |
Parentified children |
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In 2014 there were ________ births to unmarried women. Births to teen mothers represent less than ______ of this number |
1.6 million 20% |
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In more recent years, the term childless has been joined by __________ when referring to those without children |
Child-free |
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Compared to those who are involuntarily or temporarily childless, voluntary childless women are characterized as follows: |
• Highest lvels of education • Less traditional family attitudes • More likely to report no religious affiliation • More likely to be employed, work full time, have professional and managerial occupations, and have higher indv. and fam incomes • more likely to be first born or only children • Less traditional ideas about gender |
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Although most women who become mother's still begin their families while in their 20s,we can expect the trend toward _________ to grow because: |
Later parenthood • More career and lifestyle options are available to signle women today than in the past • Marriage a reproduction are no longer economic or social necessities • People may take longer to find the "right" mate, and they may wait for the "right" time to have children • Increasingly effective birth control (including safe, legal abortion) |
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Cost estimates of raising a "typical child, bornin 2012, to age 18, range between $________ (for those in the lower third income range) and $_________ (upler-third income bracket) |
$216,910 and $501,250 *Estimates do not include costs associated with prenatal medical care or childbirth, nor do they include costs of college or postsecondary education |
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Mothers who bear their first child in their teens face: |
• Increased pregnancy related diseases including hypertension, low birth weight |
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At the opposite end of teen mothers, there are significant risks for pregnancy- and labor-related distress among __________ |
Older, first time mothers |
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It is estimated that more than a third of all births to women ages 15-44 we're either ________ or _________ at the time of conception |
Unwanted Mistimed |
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Every year, about 5% of reproductive age women have an _________; the majority of women will experience an _________ in their lifetime |
Unintended pregnancy |
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A couple's relationship is likely to ____________ during pregnancy |
Undergo changes |
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The first trimester (three months) of pregnancy may be difficult _______________ for the expectant mother |
Physically and emotionally |
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During the second trimester,most _____________ disappear, and the pregnant woman can... |
• Nausea and fatigue • feel the fetus move within her |
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The ______________ may be the time of the greatest difficulties in daily living in pregnancy |
Third trimester |
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The concept of the _________ depicts women receiving impersonal, almost assembly line-quality care during labor and delivery and lacking much input or control over the childbirth experiences |
Medicalization of childbirth |
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The question of what women most want or need is central to what became a __________ of contemporary childbirth |
Feminist critique |
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According to da 2011-2012 survey, most mothers felt... |
Positive about their birthing experiences |
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Qualitative assessments of the overall care and treatment women received from their physicians were mostly _______________ |
Trustworthy or good |
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The rate of _______ in the US remains far higher than the rates in most of the developed world (5.87%) |
Infant deaths per 1,000 live births |
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There is a wide range of ________ during childbirth |
Feelings |
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Most mothers develop _________ to a child long before it's born |
Deep attachment |
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___________ accompanies the loss of a child before and during birth |
Deep shock and grief |
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Characteristics of adoptive families |
• Adopted children are more likely to be female • Although most adoptive families are White,most adopted children are non-white • Most adoptive families have just one adoptive child • Economically, fams with adopted children are somewhat better off than those without • Adopted children benefit from an enriching environment • Adoptive parents describe their relationship with their child as very warm and close |
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Adoption laws vary widely from ___________ |
State to state |
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With confidentiality no longer the norm, the trend is toward ___________ in which there is contact between the adoptive fam and the birth parents |
Open adoption |
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Adoption experts have been somewhat divided over whether open or closed adoption is... |
In the best interest of the involved parties |
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The time immediately following birth is a critical period for... |
Family adjustmemt |
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Features of entering parenthood: |
• Irreversibility • Lack of preparation • Idealization and romanticization • Suddenness • Role conflict |
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Five domains in which new parents experience change as a result of the arrival of children: |
1. Identity and inner-life changes 2. Shifts within the marital roles and relationship 3. Shift in intergenerational relationships 4. Changes in roles and relationships outside the fam 5. New parenting roles and relationships |
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Although the first year of child rearing is bound to be stressful, the partners experience less stress if they: |
•have already developed a strong relationship • are open in their communication • have agreed on family planning • originally had a strong desire for the child |
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Many women see motherhood as their... |
"Destiny" |
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The standards against which mothers are judged are often __________, putting women in a situation of comparing themselves to a model to which it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully "measure up" which is called: |
• Unrealistic and idealized • ideology of intensive mothering |
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Father's participate more today than they did in the past in a broader range of... |
Child care activities |
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The cultural expectations of fathers are not the same as _________, nor do they participate to the same extent or kind that |
• The expectations of mothers • Mothers participate |
