Marine Science Lab Finals

Front 1

benthic

Back 1

of the seafloor, pertaining to organisms living on or in the seafloor

Front 2

competitive exclusion

Back 2

the concept that more than 1 species can't occupy exactly the same niche. 1 species per niche

Front 3

pelagic

Back 3

pertaining to the water of the ocean, as opposed to the bottom

Front 4

Why is shark skin rough in one direction?

Back 4

to keep things from attatching. keep it from preditation from smaller organisms.

Front 5

cilia

Back 5

hair-like projections used for locomotion

Front 6

examples of arthropods

Back 6

shrimp, crab, krill, seaspiders, lobster

Front 7

benthos

Back 7

living on the bottom of the sea floor.
ex: crabs, clams, starfish, sponges

Front 8

substrate

Back 8

surface upon which an organism grow (the bottom, a dock piling, rock)

Front 9

segmentation

Back 9

divided into similar sections
(like an earthworm)

Front 10

demersal

Back 10

said of swimming organisms that prefer to spend most of their time on or near the bottom (flatfish, shrimp)

Front 11

Niche

Back 11

lifestyle or role an organism plays in an ecosystem

Front 12

radial

Back 12

several planes of symmetry can be drawn to divide the animal into mirrolike halves. Usually circular with an oral and aboral side (anemones, jellies)

Front 13

bilateral

Back 13

only one plane of symmetry can be drawn to divide the animal into mirror-like halves. Distinct head and rearends, left and right sides, top and bottom sides. (crabs, squids)

Front 14

why are there more speices living in benthic environments?

Back 14

There are more niches in a benthic environment.

Front 15

quantitative

Back 15

a sample in terms of numbers of individuals caught per unit volume of water filtered by the net

Front 16

examples of holoplankton

Back 16

forams, jellyfish, chaetognaths, krill, salps, copepods

Front 17

Examples of meroplankton

Back 17

crab larvae, shrimp larvae, sea star larvae, barnacle larvae, polychaete larvae

Front 18

stripes on fish bodies

Back 18

can hide in vegetation and blend in with shadows of surface ripples. Ex) spot, bass, sergeant major, hogchoker, spadefish

Front 19

superior mouth

Back 19

gets prey it sees above.
Ex) hatchetfish, top minnow

Front 20

Flat bellied body shape

Back 20

bottom feeder
Ex) catfish

Front 21

Characteristics of Arthropods

Back 21

body segmented, covered by a thin exoskeleton, with numerous pairs of jointed appendages

Front 22

lunate fish tail shape

Back 22

highspeeds for long distances, but slow acceleration and poor maneuverability.
Ex) Tuna, jacks, marlin, swordfish

Front 23

horizontal disk body shape

Back 23

bottom dweller.
Ex: Flounder, Halibut

Front 24

Poster-bright patches

Back 24

"warning" to warn away predators or advertises their presence to potential rivals or mates.
Ex) angelfish, hogfish, wrasses, damselfish

Front 25

heterocercal tail shape

Back 25

provides upward push.
Ex) Sharks

Front 26

tail shapes

Rounded, truncate, emarginate

Back 26

effective acceleration and maneuvering. not for long distance swimming-lunging.
Ex) sea bass, spot, croaker, grouper, flounder, butterfly fish, snappers

Front 27

mottled

Back 27

can blend in with rocks and bottom
Ex) flounder, groupers, rockbass, toadfish

Front 28

eel-like body shape

Back 28

lives in narrow places
Ex: moray eels, pipefishes

Front 29

streamlined body shape

Back 29

fast moving.
ex) tuna, swordfish, jacks

Front 30

vertical disk body shape

Back 30

feeds above or below.
Ex) butterfish, lookdown

Front 31

subterminal mouth

Back 31

bottom feeder
Ex) spot, cod

Front 32

terminal mouth

Back 32

gets prey from right in front
Ex) barracuda, herrings, tuna

Front 33

forked tail shape

Back 33

generally efficient for most uses.
Ex) anchovies, butterfish

Front 34

inferior mouth

Back 34

bottom feeder
Ex) Stingrays, sturgeon

Front 35

Lamprey's adaptations to parasitic lifestyle

Back 35

subterminal mount, eel-like body and spines inside mouth

Front 36

uses for photophores

Back 36

mating, species recognition, see prey, scare predators

Front 37

pentamerous

Back 37

animal can be divided into 5 identical sections
Ex) sea stars, urchins

Front 38

cynobacteria

Back 38

fix atmospheric nitrogen while releasing oxygen (take nitrogen and turn it into nutrients)

Front 39

copepoda

Back 39

zooplankton
crustacean
represents 70-80% of individuals in zooplankton

Front 40

holoplankton

Back 40

whole lives as plankton.
copepods, amphipods, jellies

Front 41

dinoflagellates "terrible swimmers"

Back 41

covered by cellulose plates and have flagella to hlp them swim
-can produce red tide

Front 42

Victor Hensen

Back 42

1st termed plankton. inititated 1st quantitative plankton studies

Front 43

phytoplankton

Back 43

plant plankton
primary producers
base of food web
only source of energy for herbivores

Front 44

meroplankton

Back 44

spend part of lives as plankton. Larvae of benthos and fish

Front 45

coccolithophores

Back 45

made of calcium carbonate
not found in polar oceans.

Front 46

zooplankton's adaptations to help slow sinking rates

Back 46

spines
swimming
flattened bodies
store food as fats, oils, waxes

Front 47

phytoplankton groups

Back 47

diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, cynobacteria

Front 48

diatoms

Back 48

cellular contents closed in siliceous shells.

Front 49

plankton

Back 49

organisms that are made to drift or wander by the flow of water currents

Front 50

What is the advantage for a benthic organism in having planktonic larvae?

Back 50

the larvae can be carried on currents to colonize new habitats and no competition for food or habitats.

Front 51

Adaptations that slow the rate at which phytoplankton sink below the sunlit upper layers

Back 51

spines
special spines at the end of a chain
store light ions
flagella

Front 52

nekton

Back 52

strong swimmers
fish, marine animals, squid

Front 53

zooplankton

Back 53

animal plankton
eat phytoplankton

Front 54

modern plankton nets

Back 54

made of nylon with mesh openings

Front 55

lithosphere

Back 55

crust and more rigid portion of the upper mantle

Front 56

zooplankton's adaptations to help slow sinking rates

Back 56

spines
swimming
flattened bodies
store food as fats, oils, waxes

Front 57

phytoplankton groups

Back 57

diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores, cynobacteria

Front 58

diatoms

Back 58

cellular contents closed in siliceous shells.

Front 59

plankton

Back 59

organisms that are made to drift or wander by the flow of water currents

Front 60

What is the advantage for a benthic organism in having planktonic larvae?

Back 60

the larvae can be carried on currents to colonize new habitats and no competition for food or habitats.

Front 61

Adaptations that slow the rate at which phytoplankton sink below the sunlit upper layers

Back 61

spines
special spines at the end of a chain
store light ions
flagella

Front 62

nekton

Back 62

strong swimmers
fish, marine animals, squid

Front 63

zooplankton

Back 63

animal plankton
eat phytoplankton

Front 64

modern plankton nets

Back 64

made of nylon with mesh openings

Front 65

lithosphere

Back 65

crust and more rigid portion of the upper mantle

Front 66

asthenosphere

Back 66

deeper mantle which is more plastic due to higher temps

Front 67

Moho discontinuity

Back 67

division btwn crust and mantle

Front 68

depth of mariana trench

Back 68

11,000 M
11 km

Front 69

Embryonic

Back 69

(East african rift valleys and lakes)
Features formed
-Triple junction, graben
Motions Produced
-initial uplift of crust over magma plume

Front 70

young (juvenile)

Back 70

(red sea, gulf of Aden)
Features Formed
-new mid-ocean ridge, beginning of continental shelf, narrow sea
Motions produced
-initial spreading and crustal separation, flooded by ocean to form narrow sea or gulf

Front 71

Mature

Back 71

(Atlantic, Indian Oceans)
Features Formed
-mature ocean basin, active ridge, well-defined continental margin/shelf
motions produced
-spreading, cooling subsidence of mature crust

Front 72

declining

Back 72

(pacific ocean)
fea. formed
-trench, volcanic arc
Motions produced
-both spreading and subducting of plates

Front 73

terminal

Back 73

(med. Sea)
Fea. Formed
-young mtns. possibly some trenches, shallow sea.
Motions produced
-shrinking, compression and uplift of crust

Front 74

relict scar (suturing)

Back 74

(himalayan, appalachian mtns.)
feat. formed
-tall mtn. range
motions produced
-collision, compression and uplift.

Front 75

salinity

Back 75

amount of salt, in grams, dissolved in 1 kg of seawater

Front 76

evaporation (how it works to find salinity)

Back 76

WEIGHT
boil off the water and weigh what's left.

Front 77

Induction salinometer and YSI meter
(how it works to find salinity)

Back 77

ELECTRONIC
compares sample conductivity to reference sample

Front 78

refractometer (how it works to find salinity)

Back 78

DENSITY
measures differences in refraction (bending) of light

Front 79

Knudsen Titration

Back 79

CHEMICAL
measures halides and compares to ref. sample

Front 80

Induction salinometer uses what unit?

Back 80

"PSU" practical salinity units

Front 81

How is dissolved oxygen removed?

Back 81

respiration and aerobic decomposition

Front 82

speed of earth at equator

Back 82

1600 km/h or 1000 mi/h

Front 83

coriolis deflection in N. hemp

Back 83

RIGHT

Front 84

coriolis deflection in S. hemp

Back 84

LEFT

Front 85

hurricane

Back 85

a violent cyclone that forms over tropical oceans.
typhoon: western Pacific ocean
Cyclone: Indian Ocean

Front 86

type of pressure hurricanes are

Back 86

low pressure

Front 87

hurricane circulation in N. hemp

Back 87

counterclockwise

Front 88

hurricane circulation in S. Hemp

Back 88

clockwise

Front 89

wind

Back 89

air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Front 90

where do hurricanes form?

Back 90

over warm water
temp must be > 79 F
latitudes > 10 degrees west or south

Front 91

storm surge

Back 91

flood of ocean water that comes after the storm.
caused by HIGH WINDS AND LOW PRESSURE.
most devistating

Front 92

hurricane season

Back 92

June 1-November 30

Front 93

Eye wall

Back 93

winds are strongest and rains are heaviest

Front 94

convection

Back 94

warm air rises, cools, condenses to form clouds

Front 95

Pressure in the hurricanes eye and rainbands

Back 95

high pressure zones

Front 96

thermohaline circulation

Back 96

driven by density

Front 97

3 types of currents

Back 97

tidally-produced
wind-driven
density currents

Front 98

What type of water can people float in most easily?

Back 98

cold water and ocean water b/c it's more dense

Front 99

Most common ocean waves are generated by _______?

Back 99

wind

Front 100

wavelength

Back 100

horizontal distance between crests or troughs of 2 consecutive waves

Front 101

wave period

Back 101

time it takes for 2 consecutive crests or troughs to pass a fixed point

Front 102

deep-water wave

Back 102

circular motions within the wave doesn't extend down to the seafloor
D> L/2 (D=depth, L=wavelength)
L=1.56T^2

Front 103

shallow-water waves

Back 103

orbitals change shape and become elliptical
D<L/20
L=T_/gD

Front 104

celerity

Back 104

wave speed
C=L/T

Front 105

Longshore transport

Back 105

movement of sand due to waves hitting the beach at an angle

Front 106

wave

Back 106

energy moving through a substance

Front 107

tidal wave

Back 107

result of gravitational attraction and centrifugal/inertial force

Front 108

How many hours btwn a high and a low tide? Btwn high tides?

Back 108

6 hours 12.5 mins btwn low and high tides
12 hr and 25 mins btwn high tides

Front 109

diurnal inequality

Back 109

changing heights of tides resulting from changes in the declination angle of the moon

Front 110

declination

Back 110

angel of the moon above or below earth's equatorial plane

Front 111

spring tide

Back 111

linear

full and new moon

Front 112

tidal day

Back 112

24 hours and 50 mins b/c mooon advances 50 mins each day in its orbit around earth

Front 113

types of tides

Back 113

Semidiurnal
Mixed
Diurnal