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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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coccolithophores
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part of the larger phytoplankton
made of calcium carbonate |
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cyanobacteria
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most abundant phytoplankton
in low-nutrient open ocean environment. picoplankton nitrogen fixation |
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Copepods
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primary holoplankton grazer of phytoplankton
majority link from primary production to higher trophic levels majority of oceans biomass |
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Copepod development
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4 major life stages.
1. egg 2. nauplii (larval form) 3. copepodid (juvenile forms) 4. adult |
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picoplankton
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less than 2-3 microns in size
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nanoplankton
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between 2-20 microns in size
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microplankton "net plankton"
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between 20-200 microns in size
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macroplankton
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200 microns to 2 mm in size and can be captured using a plankton net
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Sampling plankton
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A=pi(D)^2/4 times distance
to find density of organisms organisms/area |
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diatoms are what sizes?
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nanoplankton and microplankton
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where are diatoms found
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marine and freshwater environments.
well mixed coastal waters |
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what pigments do diatoms have?
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fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c and a.
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What is the cell wall of a diatom called and what is it made of?
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Frustule. Made of silica that is embedded w/ a small amount of organic matter. surrounded by an organic matrix that prevents silica from dissolving in seawater
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what kind of symmetry do diatoms have?
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Radial and bilateral.
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what are radial and bilateral diatoms called?
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centric diatoms and pennate diatoms
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How do diatoms reproduce?
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asexually by cell splitting until is reaches 40% of its origional size, then it mates, creating a zygote (auxospore)
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What happens when diatoms get into the ocean floor sediments?
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They contribute to the petroleum deposits and diatomacious earth (filtration and abrasives)
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What sizes are the dinoflagellates?
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Nanoplankton and microplankton
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Where can dinoflagellates be found?
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calm and well-stratified waters
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What pigments do dinoflagellates have?
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chlorophyll a and c and peridinin
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What are dinoflagellates cell walls made of?
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Cellulose
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What kind of environment are dinoflagellates found in?
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low-nutrient
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Dinoflagella use how many flagella to do what?
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they have 2 flagella and they swim to the surface during the day to get nutrients from the surface and swim deeper at night for bottom nutrients
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How do dinoflagellates reproduce?
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fission
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What are a couple of things dinoflagellates known for?
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using enzyme luciferase to bioluminese.
and production of red tide |
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Are zooplankton autotrophs or heterotrophs?
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heterotrophs and they have short lifespans
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herbivore zooplankton
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feed on phytoplankton only
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carnivore zooplankton
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feed on zooplankton only
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omnivore zooplankton
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feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton
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holoplankton
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spend whole lives as plankton
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meroplankton
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spend only portion of their lives as plankton (eggs and larval stages)
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Krill
(classification and what else?) |
Euphausiids, holoplankton and provides main food for baleen whales.
like cold waters and found in the arctic and antarctic regions |
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Examples of holoplankton
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diatoms, radiolarians, foraminifera, amphipods, krill, copepods and salps
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Examples of meroplankton
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barnacle larva, sea star larva, fish larva
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Chaetognaths
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arrowworms, carnivores
found in deep or shallow waters |
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Protozoans
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Foraminifera and radiolarians
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Foraminifera is made of what?
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calcium carbonate shells
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radiolarians are made of what?
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glass (silica) shells
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pteropods
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mollusks
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ctenophores
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comb jellies
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Floating mechanisms
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gas filled floats
spine and body projections flattened body shapes small body size increased surface area to volume |
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3 domains
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bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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7 classifications of taxonomy
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Marine Mammals are homeotherms, meaning...
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they can keep a stable temperature
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Marine mammals can...
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give birth to live young they nurse w/ milk
breathe air w/ lungs dive deep they are well insulated with fur and blubber. |
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Types of marine mammals
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Whales, dolphines, porpoises, seals and sea lions, sea otters, walrus, sea cows, and polar bears
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Whales belong to what group?
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Cetacean
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the group Cetacean are classified by what characteristics?
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collapsable lungs
adaptations for deep diving use oxygen efficiently muscles insensitive to buildup of carbon dioxide |
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what are pinnepeds?
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walruses and fur seals
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Baleen whales
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largest mammals-great whales
mouths fit with strainers to filter feed and eat krill (blue, finback, right, sei, gray, humpback) |
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Toothed whales
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highest brain to body weight ratio. Uses sonar
(killer whale, sperm whale, dolphines and porpoises) |
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What are in the order Carnivora?
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Dolphines and porpoises, seals and sea lions
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Marine Birds
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don't need fresh water
larger and stronger than land birds nest and breed on land keep stable temp. w/ feathers and preen (oils on feathers) |
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Adaptations of marine birds for long distance flying
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light weight bones, excellent navigators and long narrow-pointed wings
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Marine reptiles
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air breathers, dry skin and scales, eyy layers, cold-blooded
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Sea turtles
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8 species, large flattened limbs, migratory, primarily herbivores
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marine iguana
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spends majority of time on land
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crocodiles
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estuarine
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squid
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most intelligent, fastest and agile invertebrate
8 shorts arms and 2 long tentacles. a few m to 20 m long |
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cartilaginous fish are what class?
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chondrichthyes
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cartilaginous fish
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skeleton made of cartilage. moveable jaws, mount, underhead (sharks, skates and rays)
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bony fish are what class?
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Osteichthyes
commercial species |
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bony fish
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96% of all fish
cycloid or ctenoid scales terminal mouths grow teeth in place swim-bladder--adjust buoyancy |
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Adapations for deep water nekton
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mainly fish that consume detritus or each other
lack of abundant food bioluminescence, large, sensitive eyes, large sharp teeth expendable bodies, hinged jaws |
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fish migratation adapatations
Anadromous fish |
lives at sea, breeds and is born in fresh water, migrates back and forth
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fish migratation adapatations
Catadromous fish |
breed at sea and mature in fresh water
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fishing methods
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purse seine net
drift net/grill net |
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Commerical fisheries
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anchovies, tuna, salmon, atlantic cod, sharks
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rounded fin type
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acceleration and maneuverability
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truncate and forked fin type
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faster fish, good for propulsion and maneuverability
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lunate
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fast cruisers, good propulsion. Poor maneuverability
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heterocercal fin shape
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asymmetrical
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impact of ENSO on fishing
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fisheries collapse in peru
along west coast of south amercia, El Nino reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient right water that sustains large fish populations |
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Benthic organisms are found where?
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mostly on continental shelves where there's a lot of primary productivity.
rocky and sandy shores. rocky and sandy offshore ocean floors. estuarine mudflats and in salt marshes. |
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Hard bottom (rocky) intertidal area
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primarily Epifauna (animals living attatched to the sea bottom or moving over it)
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Hard bottom (rocky) submerged environments
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lots of algae (kelp forests).
Lobsters and crabs. Coral reefs. |
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Conditions for reef growth
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sunlight &water temp 68-86 F
Low amt of sediment in water little river runoff competition for space and light |
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importance of coral reefs
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prevent shoreline erosin from waves and storms
use of coral skeletons in some human bone grafts |
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fringing reefs
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near shore (red sea, fl. keys)
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Barrier reefs
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alond coast but farther from shore. deep lagoon btwn shore and reef. (great barrier reef)
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atolls
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ring surrounding lagoon, Indo-west pacific. form around volcanic island and volcanic islands sink.
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coral bleaching
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caused by loss of the zooxanthellae (as the water warms the coral expell the zooxanthellae)
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Soft bottom (sandy and muddy) intertidal areas
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primarialy infauna
must bury in sand b/c they can't attatch to moving sand. buried in sand so little changes in anything, not much predations, and no shock waves. |
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Sandy environments (beaches)
Annelid worms |
build tubes, eat at 1 end. eat their way through the sand
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Sandy environments (beaches)
Echinoderms |
(heart urchins and sand stars) have tubes to get new supply of water; eats sand also.
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Sandy environments (beaches)
Mollusks |
bivalves-2 hinged shells, soft body for digging, siphon for filter feeding. migrate with tide
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Sandy environments (beaches)
Crustaceans |
crabs-sand crabs
hard exoskeleton, segmented body, paired and jointed limbs, bury in sand, filter feed and migrate with tide |
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Sea bottom predators
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snails, sea stars, crab, fish
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coastal plain estuary
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former river valley now flooded with seawater
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Fjord estuary
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former glaciated valley now flooded with seawater
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Bar built estuary
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lagoon separated from ocean by sand bar or barrier island
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Tectonic Estuary
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faulted or folded downdropped area now flooded with ocean
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Estuaries
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based on mixing of freshwater and saltwater
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Vertically mixed estuary
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shallow, low volume
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slightly stratified estuary
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deeper. upper layer less salty, lower layer more salty
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highly stratified estuary
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deep, relatively strong halocline
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salt wedge estuary
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deep, high volume. strong halocline
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Coastal Eutrophication
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into to too many nutrients
bloom of aquatic plants and zoo plankton masses of plants reduce sunlight penetration below surface decomp by bacteria use up oxygen in lower water, kills animals |
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Point source pollution
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pollutants emitted from a discrete source
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nonpoint source pollution
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pollution from a myriad of sources gnereally delivered to water bodies as the result of storm water run off and ground water seepage
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atmospheric decomposition
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can be point and nonpoint source pollution
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bioconcentation factor
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the net accumulation (in and on an organism) of contaminant from water
BCF= Pollutant in organism ------------------------------- Pollutant in water |
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biomagnification factor
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an increase in concentration from 1 trophic level (prey) to the next (predator) due to accumulation of a contaminant from food.
BMF= pollutant in predator ---------------------------- pollutant in prey |
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main types of marine pollution
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petroleum, sewage sludge, DDTS and PCBS, mercury, non-point source pollution and trash
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