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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Banded iron formations are
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thought to record the period of significant accumulation of oxygen in the ocean/atmosphere by recording alternating periods of oxidize iron and reduced compounds
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the earliest fossil evidence of life on earth is dominated by...
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stomatolites and similar structures
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the cambrian is the first period where there is abundant and rich fossil record.
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true
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in the earliest paleozoic...
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all of the above
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the end of the paleozoic is characterized by....
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all of the above
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the progressive appearance of different animal groups through the paleozoic...
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was strongly influenced by movement of the continents and associated pressure of change in habitat, biogeographical zones and climate.
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organization of the fossil record through time...
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all of the above
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the distribution of specific species of animals and plants in the geologic record...
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is largely dictated by physical, chemical and geologic conditions
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the oldest rocks on earth are found in areas called the precambrian shields or cratons. These areas:
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characteristically get incrementally younger as one transits outward from the middle of the craton.
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the paleozoic can be considered to:
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have experienced a peak in global sea level in the early periods and a progressive decrease in sea level to the close of the paleozoic.
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based on the above data and your general knowledge of plate tectonics you might conclude that...
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there may be a relationship between the relative rates of sea floor spreading and global sea level.
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the above diagram of number of genera represented in the geologic record through time shows....
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several periods of massive extinctions have occurred in earth history.
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greenstone belts are...
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all of the above
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redbeds are significant in that they record
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initial oxygenation of the atmosphere
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thermohaline circulation...
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all of the above
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which of the following are geostrophic currents
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california current
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the water mass labeled "B" is...
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antarctic intermediate water
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the water mass labeled "C" is..
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north atlantic deep water
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the water mass labeled "D" is..
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antarctic bottom water
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the surface water as shown in the previous figure is shallower at the equator than at 30 degress N and S because...
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all of the above
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which water mass would you expect to be the densest?
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D
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where would you expect the dissolved oxygen concentration to be highest?
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in water mass C around 60 degress North
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Most water masses form at the ocean surface because....
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they interact with the atmosphere to gain their characteristics.
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we know a great deal about the properties of the interior of the earth from
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all of the above
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the texture of igneous and metamorphic rocks records gives information regarding...
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how long the rock had to crystallize at a high temperature before it cooled down.
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lithospheric plates are bounded by...
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all of the above
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the above diagram illustrates a "seismic refraction" experiment. Seismic refraction can be used to determine:
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all of the above
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which type of weathering breaks rocks to smaller size particles?
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mechanical
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surface texture and grain shape of sedimentary grains give info about all the following EXCEPT....
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absolute age of the grains making up the deposit
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the presence of only mineral grains that are extremely resistant to chemical weathering indicates...
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intense chemical weathering of the source rocks and or very long periods of transport.
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the figure below portrays....
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an area experiencing tension.
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the figure below portrays....
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an area experiencing compression.
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seismic discontinuities are...
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all of the above
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the "Moho"...
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none of the above.
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the earth's core is thought to be composed of...
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Oxides of iron and nickel.
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the low velocity zone:
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is an area where fractionation is likely to be occurring.
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you are walking across an area and notice the rocks exposed at the earths surface are composed of phaneritic crystals of granitic composition. what interpretation of conditions and events are defendable?
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the rocks formed deep within continental volcanoes/mountains that eroded away over time exposing the deeper material at the surface.
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a mineral...
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all of the above
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the 3 major types of rocks are classified by...
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mode of formation
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what drives the lithospheric plate motion?
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convection of the earth's asthenosphere.
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walking across the coast of maine, you find a sedimentary deposit comprised of a wide range of sediment sizes with a mix of very angular and slighted rounded grain shapes. The process/setting most like to have resulted in this deposit is...
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glaciers.
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facies is a concept that can be widely applied to m any specific aspects in the real world. Facies can be applied to all of the following EXCEPT:
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Time
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the laws of stratigraphy can be used to determine the sequence of events resulting in the distribution of rocks in an area. Although this is a sequence of events, why does it NOT give the geologic age of the rock units?
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the laws of stratigraphy have no mechanism to determine the length of time between events.
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which of the following is NOT one of the laws of stratigraphy?
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rock units will be the same age everywhere they are found
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fossils indicate more than just time, they also indicate...
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the environmental conditions in which they live.
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the geologic time scale...
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all of the above
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an absolute age can confidently be assigned to a sedimentary deposit or past climatic change by...
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all of the above.
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radiometric dating techniques could produce an erroneous date if...
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an unknown amount of the radiometric material has been added or lost from the system.
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we presently live in a period that could be considered ______ than most of the past 500 million years of earth history.
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cooler than
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some of these long-term changes in climate may reflect....
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all of the above.
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the last 200 yrs, since industrial rev and associated great increase in smoke stack and auto emissions into the atmosphere, have seen the largest and most rapid increase in temp observed over the 5,000 years.
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false
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the change in climate appears to be completely random. there is little continuity or trend in climate over decades to hundreds of years.
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false.
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you might expect an identical pattern to be found if you employed a similar analysis in many places across the world.
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false.
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temp is the only parameter that could explain changes in strength of vegetative growing seasons.
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False
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other analysis such as fractionation of oxygen isotopes in shell material or other temp dependent processes should be checked to substantiate the temp interpretation...
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true
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the upstream limit of an estuary can be determined as...
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the point where most dissolved solids are made up of MG++ and HCO3-
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wave refraction:
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all of the above
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estuarine circulation can be considered to be strongly influenced by fresh water input and mixing processes. Increasing river flow in a vertically mixed estuary might be expected to...
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all of the above.
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the above diagram is typically of the salinity distribution in...
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a salt wedge estuary
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in the estuary diagram above you might expect there to be a Turbidity Maximum in the reach labeled....
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A
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that sediments in many estuaries are best characterized as lithogenic probably reflects...
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the input of lithogenic material from rivers and runoff is relatively large compared to biogenic particles.
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tides are amplified in coastal areas because...
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the configuration of the coast can concentrate wave energy into a small area and/or result in a resonant period of the basin being close to the forcing period of the tides.
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Rip Cell Circulation....
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all of the above.
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the circulation classification of estuaries is based on....
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the stratification and mixing of fresh and salt water within the estuary.
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the tide for NY would be considered a...
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semidiurnal tide.
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the tide in Port Adelaide would be classified as a....
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mixed tide.
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based on the tide record for NY...
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all of the above.
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what does it take to be a shallow water water?
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h< L/20
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the shallow water wave velocity equation is...
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C(squared)=gh
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which of the following will increase as the wind speed over the water increases?
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all of these will increase.
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the transition from sea to swell involves wave dispersion. What causes velocity dispersion in deep water?
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long wave length waves travel faster than short wave length waves.
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where waves interact with the bottom, water will be transported toward the beach because...
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with the passage of each wave, the water path overshoots thus transporting water toward the beach.
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wave refraction occurs when waves...
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move through shallow water at an oblique angle to the beach.
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in deep water, water particle motion within waves is a circle. What shape is the motion in shallow water?
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Elliptical
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seismic sea waves are caused by...
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displacements of the ocean floor in earthquakes or submarine landslides.
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consider the above diagram illustrating the concept of isostasy. Which of the following is NOT accurate?
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continental crust is thick and relatively insensitive to shifting loadings such as ice caps or erosion of mountain chain level the continents adjustments playing little role in sea level changes in regions of rapid change on the surface.
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Clastic (lithogenic) sedimentary rocks are formed from....
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none of the above.
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chemical weathering involves chemical reactions of minerals changing to become....
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more equilibrium with surface conditions.
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a Benioff Zone:
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is defined by a plane of earthquake locations thought to be the boundary between plates in a subduction zone
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volcanoes are more explosive and violent at convergent margins than divergent margins because...
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all of the above
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at convergent plate boundaries between ocean crustal plates....
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the plate that is colder and denser is the one to subduct.
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the nature of sedimentary deposits responds to all of the following except....
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the geologic time period in which the deposit accumulates.
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such a turbidity maximum might be caused by....
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all of the above.
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which of the following could be classified as a mineral?
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Wood.
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the energy in any given area of the ocean surface is a function of the wave....
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length
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