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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteria (Domain)
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simple, single celled life form
no membrane bound nucleus |
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Archaea (Domain)
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simple single celled organisms
look like bacteria harsh environments |
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Eukarya (Domain)
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complex organism
w/ membrane bound nuclei single celled or multicellular |
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how many marine organisms?
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250,000
14% of total in world why small #? -unexplored -expensive -sea=constant --temp=stable and cold, chemical reactions slower |
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taxonomy
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grouping of organisms
-physical, ecology kpcofgs species-genetically similar scientific name-genus, species |
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plankton
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all organisms drifting
can swim but weak most of the earth's biomass phytoplankton-autotrophic zooplankton-heterotrophic bacterioplankton, virioplankton |
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red tide
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bloom of dinoflagellates
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nekton
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-capable of moving independently of the ocean currents
-long migrations -lateral range dictated by food, salinity, temperature, pressure... |
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holoplankton
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spend their entire lives in the plankton
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meroplankton
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-mero=part
-spend adult lives as either nekton or benthos -may spend their larval and juvenile stages in the plankton |
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Benthos
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-live on ocean bottom
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epifauna
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live on the surface of sea floor, either attached to rocks or moving along bottom
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infauna
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live buried in the sediment
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nektobenthos
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live on bottom but swim through the water just above the ocean floor
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hydrothermal vent communities
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1977
food limits- get food from archaea at the base of food chain-derive energy form chemicals coming out of the vents, not sunlight; chemosynthetic |
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percents
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1,750,000 world species
marine-14% -benthic 98% -pelagic 2% |
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viscosity
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-a substance's internal resistance to flow
-affected by temp -increases w/ inc. salinity -decreases w/ inc. temp |
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viscosity and size
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-phytoplankton use frictional resistance-inc as SA to volume (mass) inv
-benefit from being small -diatoms have spines -warmer waters (easier flow/less viscosity)-use more appendages |
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streamlining
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-too big; faster a fish swims more viscosity impedes
-so have shape w/ least resistance to flow -flat body |
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Temperature
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-oceans narrower range
-fluctuations (seasons) less too -deep water constant -why? --heat capacity higher --ovean warming reduced by evap --sun penetrates deep=larger mass --waves, currents move heat around |
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cold and warm water species
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-warm water plankton=smaller size
-have ornate plumage -biological activity inc with temp, doubles every 10 deg C --grow fatster, shorter life, reproduce earlier and more -more species in warm but more biomass in colder high lat (upwelling) |
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stenothermal
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limited to waters in which the temp changes are small
-usually deep water |
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eurythermal
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can cope with relatively largge and rapid changes in temp
-coast, surface |
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euryhaline
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can tolerate large changes in salinity
-coasts |
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stenohaline
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can only cope with small changes in salinity
-open ocean |
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diffusion
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molecules move from high concentration to low
-caused by random motion of molecules -outer membrane of living cells are permeable -nutrients in, waste out -passive process -nutrients taken up by active transport |
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osmosis
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water molecules move from low to high concentrated solutions
-unequal salinity btwn a semipermeable membrane -osmotic pressure needed in the more concentrated solution to prevent the water molecules from moving into it |
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isotonic
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salinity of organism's body=ocean
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hypertonic
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salinity of an organism's body fluid greater than ocean
-water move into the cells -freshwater fish --so don't drink water, and absorb salt=lots of dilute urine |
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hypotonic
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salinity of organism's body fluid less than that of ocean
-water will move out of cells into ocean -marine fish --lose water so drink seawater and excrete salt through gills=small amt of concentrated urine |
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dissolved gases
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-amt inc as temp dec
-so high latitudes large amts of CO2 adn O in surface waters=growth of phytoplankton |
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gills
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-used for gas exchange; O in CO2 out
-water expelled through gill slits -most fish need at least 4 ppm of dissolved oxygen in seawater -hypoxic=less than 4 ppm -anoxic=no oxygen |
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light- water is transparent
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-open ocean sunlight can penetrate 1000 m
-transparent to hide or stalk prey --jellyfish -keen eyesight |
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camouflage
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-countershading: dark on top, light on bottom
-disruptive coloration: large, bold patterns break up the shape of an object and help it to blend in with an equally ontrasting background --zebras, military uniforms |
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DSL
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-deep scattering layer
-100-200m during the day and over 900 m during night -densely packed layer of organisms --copepods, lantern fish, krill --organisms ascend to shallow at night and feed then return during the day for safety |
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ocean zones acc to light
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-euphotic zone: surface with lots of light for photosynthesis ~100m
-disphotic zone: measureable light, but not enough; from bottom of euphotic to no light ~1000m -aphotic zone: no light, below 1000m |
