Marine Ecology Final

Front 1

A treaty between the nations of the world to establish regulations regarding the use of resources of the sea

Back 1

Law of the Sea

Front 2

in the year ______ the Law of the Sea was first signed

Back 2

1982

Front 3

The US did not sign the Law of the Sea in 1982 because of:

Back 3

disagreements with provisions regarding deep-sea mining

Front 4

The _______ allowed individual countries to manage resources in local waters

Back 4

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Front 5

The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 established:

Back 5

A 200 mile US fishery zone

Front 6

the EEZ extends ____ nautical miles from the coastline

Back 6

200

Front 7

Law of the Sea addressed other management issues such as:

Back 7

-driftnets
-tuna fishing
-dolphin mortality

Front 8

_______ have historically been considered a limitless resource

Back 8

fisheries

Front 9

After WWII - Fish were seen as a:

Back 9

Cheap protein source

Front 10

______ and _______ have increased harvest of ocean fisheries

Back 10

high demand and technological improvements

Front 11

US Fisheries account for ____% of the Total World Catch

Back 11

6

Front 12

Most fish harvest occurs on the __________ or ___________

Back 12

continental shelves, upwelling zones

Front 13

5 species account for more than ____% of the fish harvest

Back 13

15

Front 14

Name the 5 species that are the most commonly harvested

Back 14

-Peruvian Anchovy
-Alaskan Pollock
-Chilean jack mackerel
-Atlantic herring
-Chub mackerel

Front 15

_____ the fish that fills freezers and fast food chains, makes fish sticks, Filet-O-Fish and even surimi

Back 15

Pollock

Front 16

The world fishery production has increased ___ times since the 1950 harvest

Back 16

6

Front 17

Marine fisheries provide only ___% of the protein consumption by humans

Back 17

5

Front 18

The _________ has decreased for most commercial fisheries - fisheries yields seem to have peaked despite an increase in the size of fishing fleet

Back 18

Catch Per Unit Effort

Front 19

______ is an estimate of the allowable biomass that can be harvested yet allow the population to remain in a steady state

Back 19

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

Front 20

Many fisheries are exploited beyond their ______

Back 20

Maximum Sustainable Yield

Front 21

What are the BRD and TED devices used for

Back 21

Bycatch Reducer and Turtle Excluder - lets free animals that are not supposed to be caught

Front 22

_______ is the addition of a young adult to the fishery

Back 22

Recruitment

Front 23

Population regulation depends on ________ of larvae and juveniles

Back 23

survival rates

Front 24

_______ in recruitment is a major problem when managing fisheries

Back 24

variability

Front 25

__________, based on Recruitment may be the best policy when managing fisheries

Back 25

Adaptive Management

Front 26

Fish stocks are affected by climatic changes - has impacts on:

Back 26

food supply for larvae, juveniles, and adults

Front 27

______ is often cited as one of the main human threats to ecosystems

Back 27

fishing

Front 28

it is likely that large areas of the sea will be closed to fishing in order to meet ________

Back 28

conservation objectives

Front 29

_______: Any area of the intertidal terrain which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment

Back 29

Marine Protected Areas

Front 30

Expectations of MPAs as Fisheries Management Tools

Back 30

-lower fishing mortality
-higher density
-higher mean size/age
-higher biomass
-higher production of propagules per unit area (eggs/larvae)

Front 31

Effects outside of MPAs

Back 31

-Net export of adult fish
-Net export of eggs/larvae

Front 32

About ______ metric tonnes of fish are landed each year

Back 32

80 million

Front 33

___ species of fish account for 40% of the total fish landings

Back 33

20

Front 34

Fishing gears can be classified as ____ or _____

Back 34

active or passive

Front 35

Stocks fluctuate in abundance as a result of _____ and _____ effects

Back 35

Natural and Fishing

Front 36

Survival of ____ and _____ have a major impact on recruitment to a fishery

Back 36

eggs and larvae

Front 37

Fishery management actions consist of _______, ________, and _______

Back 37

catch controls
effort controls
technical measures

Front 38

Fisheries have environmental ______ that may harm other species

Back 38

costs

Front 39

Large reductions in global fishing capacity are needed to insure _____ and ______ conservation

Back 39

sustainability and biodiversity

Front 40

Identifies and provides management programs to protect important and potentially endangered marine habitats

Back 40

National Marine Sanctuaries Program

Front 41

Identifies estuarine sites important in long-term ecological research

Back 41

National Estuarine Research Reserve System

Front 42

Identifies areas where wildlife is especially valuable, especially those in which species or migratory bird sites are threatened by extinction

Back 42

National Wildlife Refuge System

Front 43

Identifies species that are in danger of extinction

Back 43

Endangered species act

Front 44

Intended to halt the decline of marine mammal species and to restore populations to healthy levels

Back 44

Marine Mammal Protection Act

Front 45

Intended to prevent decline of fisheries within 200 miles of US coast, especially with regard to foreign fisheries

Back 45

Fisheries Conservation and Management Act

Front 46

Declares system of marine protected areas, managed on an ecosystem basis

Back 46

US Presidential Executive Order

Front 47

Since the early 1970s, the production of finfish in aquaculture has increased ______ while the contribution of capture fisheries has only ______

Back 47

10-fold, doubled

Front 48

Global Aquaculture Production is ______ increasing

Back 48

exponentially

Front 49

______ has a huge exponential increase compared to the rest of the world

Back 49

China

Front 50

_______ aquaculture is twice as large as marine aquaculture

Back 50

inland, freshwater

Front 51

_______ production is increasing more rapidly than other species

Back 51

finfish

Front 52

examples of Aquaculture

Back 52

-oyster rafts in japan
-mussel culture in Puget Sound
-Oyster Mariculture
-Salmon Pens

Front 53

Cultivation of ______ and _____ are the most environmentally sustainable species for mariculture

Back 53

marine algae, bivalve molluscs

Front 54

Most cultivation sites are in coastal areas and compete for ______ with other stakeholders

Back 54

space

Front 55

Aquaculture of genetically-modified species may have negative impacts on __________

Back 55

wild populations

Front 56

The movement of cultivated species around the world has led to introductions of ________, ______, and _____, into new environments

Back 56

pest species, diseases, and parasites

Front 57

_________ - an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem

Back 57

eutrophication

Front 58

eutrophication is a ________, not a _______

Back 58

PROCESS, not a trophic state

Front 59

Organic matter is supplied as both _____ and _____

Back 59

POM, DOM

Front 60

Matter that is derived within the system

Back 60

autochthonous

Front 61

ex. of autochthonous

Back 61

phytoplankton

Front 62

matter that is from outside of the system

Back 62

allochthonous

Front 63

example of allochthonous

Back 63

rivers or oceans

Front 64

Symptoms of Eutrophication

Back 64

-elevated OM and nutrient concentrations
-reduced water clarity
-changes in dominant algal species
-harmful and nuisance algal blooms
-loss of submerged aquatic vegetation
-hypoxia and anoxia due to carbon loading
-fish kills due to toxins, pathogens, or anoxia
-loss of commerical fisheries
-loss of recreation/tourism

Front 65

Nutrient loading is correlated with __________ in the watershed

Back 65

human population

Front 66

increasing nutrient inputs have led to increasing amounts of ____

Back 66

autochthonous organic matter - phytoplankton production

Front 67

Major sources of nutrient concentrations are

Back 67

-wastewater
-fertilizer
-groundwater
-atmospheric deposition

Front 68

There has been a _____ fold increase in N loading into the sea in the past 100 years

Back 68

3

Front 69

examples of pollutants

Back 69

-petroleum hydrocarbons
-chlorinated hydrocarbons
-heavy metals
-mining and industrial effluent
-EPA superfund sites
-radioactive isotopes
-agricultural and industrial chemicals
-pharmaceuticals

Front 70

ex. of petroleum hydrocarbons

Back 70

-oil
-crude oil
-diesel fuel
-gasoline

Front 71

ex. of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Back 71

PCBs

Front 72

ex of agricultural chemicals

Back 72

pesticides, herbicides

Front 73

there is an excessive amount of _______ in human/animal waste

Back 73

pharmaceuticals

Front 74

What is a point source of pollution

Back 74

ends of sewers etc. that empty pollution into open waters

Front 75

point sources occur at locations such as

Back 75

drain pipes, ditches, sewer outfalls, smokestacks

Front 76

point sources are easy to ____ _and _______

Back 76

monitor and regulate

Front 77

Nonpoint source pollution occurs at:

Back 77

runoff from farm fields and feedlots, lawns and gardens, golf courses, roads, construction sites

Front 78

nonpoint source pollution spreads over large areas and are difficult to ______, _____, and _____

Back 78

identify, monitor and regulate

Front 79

Toxic Organic Chemicals - many are ________ synthesized and difficult for ______ to degrade

Back 79

commercially, microbes

Front 80

_________ are long lived in ecosystems

Back 80

toxic organic chemicals

Front 81

_______ Compounds - those that are not produced by "normal" biological processes

Back 81

xenobiotic

Front 82

______, _______, and ______ waste products are common pollutants in nearshore and coastal ecosystems

Back 82

pesticides, herbicides, industrial waste

Front 83

________ is a "witches brew" of toxic chemicals

Back 83

urban runoff

Front 84

many hydrophobic chemicals accumulate in the ___________

Back 84

surface microlayer

Front 85

Toxic Organic Chemicals have both ____ and _____ effects that are readily transferred in food webs

Back 85

lethal, sublethal

Front 86

__________ - the uptake of toxic organics through membranes and epithelial tissue from the dissolved phase

Back 86

bioconcentration

Front 87

______- the total biouptake of toxic organics by the organism from food items as well as via mass transport of dissolved organics through gills and epithelium

Back 87

bioaccumulation

Front 88

______- that circumstance where bioaccumulation causes an increase in total body burden as one proceeds up the trophic ladder from primary producer to top carnivore

Back 88

biomagnification

Front 89

Bioconcentration factors equation

Back 89

F=BCF*C

Front 90

F in the BCF equation

Back 90

residue concentration in animal

Front 91

C in BCF equation

Back 91

dissolved chemical concentration

Front 92

BCF =

Back 92

Bioconcentration Factor

Front 93

_______ Compounds - mostly exotic, man-made organic compounds

Back 93

xenobiotic

Front 94

_____ compounds - dont have enzyme systems to detoxify them

Back 94

xenobiotic

Front 95

characteristics of xenobiotic compounds

Back 95

-toxic to most organisms
-sprayed in excess on land - runoff inevitable
-magnified through tropic webs
-have long half lives

Front 96

effects of xenobiotic compounds in species

Back 96

-reduces fecundity
-causes death
-reduces diversity

Front 97

characteristics of Polychlorinated biphenyls

Back 97

-derived from industrial waste
-highly toxic and chemically stable
-implicated in reproductive failtures in many shellfish
- declined fish stocks

Front 98

________ regulations compelled companies to cease discharging PCBs

Back 98

EPA

Front 99

effects of mercury

Back 99

-neurological disorders
-minimata bay - japan disaster
-food fish is highest concentration

Front 100

effects of cadmium

Back 100

-affects kidney function
-blue crabs

Front 101

effects of lead

Back 101

-neurological disorders
-found in high conc. in marine sediments
-monitored in mussels

Front 102

metals widely found in organisms

Back 102

-mercury
-cadmium
-lead

Front 103

______ are the major source of pollution

Back 103

Small Spills - accumulate

Front 104

sources of oil pollution

Back 104

-shipping
-tanker accidents
-river runoff
-industrial waste
-urban runoff
-offshore oil production
-input from air

Front 105

_______ oil spills are usually larger in volume and occur more frequently

Back 105

crude

Front 106

______ oil is less toxic than _______

Back 106

crude, refined

Front 107

_______ oil spills can be more disruptive for shorter periods of time - very toxic

Back 107

refined

Front 108

______ chemicals and components added to oil in the refining process make it more deadly to organisms

Back 108

volatile

Front 109

The oil slick footprint covered _____ square miles

Back 109

46,299

Front 110

Major areas of concern in marine pollution

Back 110

-plastics
-petroleum and oil spills
-sewage
-radioactive waste
-halogenated hydrocarbons
-heavy metals

Front 111

______- semi-toxic pelletized plastic microspheres that are shipped around the world by the billions to be formed into items

Back 111

nurdles

Front 112

nurdles compose _____% of the waste content on the beaches worldwide

Back 112

10

Front 113

more than _____% of the Ocean's pollution comes from land

Back 113

75

Front 114

Tributary creeks and streams pick up:

Back 114

-oil
-sediment
-fertilizers
-pesticides
-toxic chemicals
-trace metals
-bacteria
-decaying organic matter
-litter

Front 115

reducing watershed pollution requires managing activities such as

Back 115

-lawn care and gardening
-farming
-land clearing
-mining
-sewage treatment
-trash disposal
-limiting auto and air pollution

Front 116

_______ - saltwater and brackish marshes and swamps

Back 116

wetlands

Front 117

wetlands provide:

Back 117

-nutrients
-food
-shelter
-spawning areas

Front 118

In the US, ________ acres of wetlands are destructed everyyear

Back 118

20,000

Front 119

Wetlands destruction is due to _____

Back 119

INFILLING

Front 120

in 2010, the US population reached _____ people per sq. mile

Back 120

400

Front 121

Coastal Zone Management Act provided:

Back 121

-a legal definition of a wetland
-allowed for regulatory control of development in the coastal zone

Front 122

In less developed countries, there is little protection of ______

Back 122

wetlands

Front 123

The phillippines removed _____% of their mangroves

Back 123

80

Front 124

species distributions are determined by ____ and ____ barriers

Back 124

physical and biological

Front 125

indigenous native species are displaced by ____

Back 125

invaders

Front 126

______ and ______ are common transport mechanisms for invaders

Back 126

epifauna and ballast water

Front 127

Examples of invaders

Back 127

-asian clam
-european green crab
-comb jelly
-red tide
-razor clam

Front 128

_________ - regulates ballast water

Back 128

Non- indigenous aquatic nuisance prevention and control act

Front 129

Ocean temperature increase over the last 100 years has resulted in a significant reduction in ________ in the world ovean

Back 129

phytoplankton biomass