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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functional biology
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the study of how an organisms carries out the basic functions of its life/body (reproduction, locomotion, feeding, etc)
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marine ecology
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the scientific study of interactions between marine organisms and their biotic and abiotic ocean environment
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Ocean covers how much area and volume of the earth?
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71 percent land
97 percent volume |
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biodiversity
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the measure of the number of species
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hypothesis
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a testable statement about the world
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azoic theroty
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no life existed on seabeds deeper than 1800 ft
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who developed azoic theory and why was it important
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Edward Forbes
it was important because it was one of the first marine hypothesis tests |
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what was the second theory that was important to marine biology
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charles darwin's theory on coral growth
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What was important about the HMS Challenger
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it gave us the first global scale view of marine biology
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induction
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the accumulatino of specific observations to make a specific generalization
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deduction
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an inference based upon logical associtions of conclusions with facts and premises
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Does correlation prove causation?
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NO!
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null hypothesis
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stating that there is not effect of a given treatment
ex: the effects of cages around prey will have not effect on predation |
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when is the null hypothesis rejected
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when through statistical calculations one can determine that what the null hypoth stated did not actually happen
ex: the cages did affect the amount of predation |
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plankton
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organisms that live suspended in the water
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neuston
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organisms associated with the ea surface
ex: microorganisms bounded to the slick at the surface, or floating kelp |
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nekton
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animals that can swim in the water column
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benthos
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animals and plants associated with the sea floor
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infaunal
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animals that burrow within a soft sea bed
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epifaunal
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organisms that live on seabed surface
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demersal
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mobile organisms associated with the seabed that can swim
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pelagic
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open ocean
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How many oceans are there
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5
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Name the 5 oceans
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atlantic
pacific indian artic southern |
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which ocean is considered to be the original ocean
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pacific
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about how old is the atlantic ocean
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200 myo
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what occurs at ridges
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sea floor spreading
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which has more coastal subduction the pacific or atlantic
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pacific
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characterize the continental shelf in an active and passive zone
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active- narrow
passive-wide |
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which has more volancoes, atlantic or pacific
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pacific
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which ocean has more rivers, the atlantic or pacific
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atlantic because there are less mountains
that means there is more sediment in the atlantic as well |
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characterize the coast of the pacific and atlantic
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pacific- rocky
atlantic- sandy |
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how is ocean salinity measured
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evaporation - precipiation
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What would the salinity be in areas of low rainfall
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high
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correlate low and high pressure zones and the weatheer
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low- rain
high -desert think about in a low zone, air is rising away (not pushing) |
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Explain how surface winds are formulated
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the sun hits the earth at different incidence angles. At the equator, it hits perpendicular to the earths surface, making all light become absorbed. At the poles, there angle of the light causes it to be reflected off the earth.
At the equator, where solar energy is abosorbed, there is a lot of evaporation, causing the air to rise. Therefore, air rushes in to replace it. This air is deflected by gravity and the coriolis force, forming the trade winds |
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What direction do the trade winds move
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E to W
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Coriolis is what direction in N and S hemispheres
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R in N
L in S |
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Ekman transport
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The surface winds pull water along via friction, but due to coriolis that movement is deflected. Each layer is deflected by 45 degrees to result in a net transport of 90 degrees
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Geostrophic currents
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when the coriolis effect and pressure gradients are in balance. the direction is in the way that movement is deflected by coriolis
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equatorial counter current
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at the equator the N and S equatorial current pile up water in the W and some will flow back E
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what directions do gyres turn in N and S hems
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N clockwise
S counterclockwise |
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Is an eastern or western boundary current warmer
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western
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give an example of an east and western boundary current
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california current- eastern
gulf stream-western |
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compare the widths of an eastern and western boundary current
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eastern are wide (1000 km)
western are narrow (100 km) |
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compare the depth of eastern and western boundary currents
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eastern are shallow (0.5 km)
western are deep (2 km) |
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compare speed of easter and western boundary currents
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eastern are slow (10 km/day)
western are fast (100 km/day) |
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describe upwelling in both E and W b. currents
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E high
W low |
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thermocline
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sharp change in T
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halocline
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sharp change in Salinity
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pynocline
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sharp change in density
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what is a consequence of the thermocline
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stratification- limits nutrients from bottom reachni ght top
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What are 3 types of upwelling
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polar, coastal, and equatorial
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when does upwelling occur off of oregon's coast
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spring and summer
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southern oscilation
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a change in the atmopsheric pressure betwen the E pacific and W pacific
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What are normal conditions are the equator
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W has a low atm pressure zone where water is evaporating, and condensing @ altitude --> rain. There is a deeper thermocline, and a higher level of water because of piling up by the trade winds.
There is high pressure zone in the E with less thermocline stratification |
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What occurs during el nino
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The trade winds die down and the pressure zones switch. The high water in the W is driven E, pushing down the thermocline. This decreases upwelling and productivity
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thermohaline circulation
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large currents driven by differences in density from temp and salinity
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pacific decadal oscillation
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shift in the velocity between the california current and alaskan current
When the current is stronger in one area, the fishing is better |
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Why is it important that water have a high specific heat capacity and high heat of vaporization
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that means that the ocean can store a lot of heat because it raises temperature
also that means that a lot of energy is stored in the water molecules that evaporate. it helps with the redistribution of heat |
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residence time
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the average time that a given amount of a substance resides in a resevoir
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explain the presence of oxygen in the ocean
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oxygen is added to sea water from photosynthesis and interactions with the atmosphere.
it is removed from the ocean through respiration and decomposition |
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describe an oxygen curve
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high at surface, low in mid, higher at depth.
low in mid due to consumption |
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doldrums occur where
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at the equator
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westerlies occur at
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45 degrees N and S
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explain the north atlantic oscillation
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usually there is a low pressure zone over icealand and a high pressure zone over the azores, the pressure between them fluccuates
When NAO is weak, water from the fjords is circulated out. |
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wave velocity
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wavelength divided by period
L/T |
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Where does wave energy converge/diverge
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converge at tip of heads on coast and edges of bays
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semidurnal tides
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have two approximately equal high tides and low tides
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diurnal tides
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one high and low tide
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mixed tides
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two unequal low and high tides
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scope for growth
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the difference between the amount of energy assimilated from the animals good and the coast of metabolism
positive means that there is energy available for growth and reproduction negative means that it needs to eat to keep up with bodily functions |
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homeotherms
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organisms that regulate their body temperature at a constant level
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poikilotherms
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organisms whose body temperatuer is subject to the environment
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how do high temperatures affect organisms
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cause binding sites for enzymes to be dysfunctional
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how do organisms counteract the effects of high temperatures?
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produce heat shock proteins which stall the unfolding for proteins
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physiological integration
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a decrease in the degree of coordination amount interdependent biochemical reactions
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how does low temperature affect marine organisms
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causing denaturing of proteins which reduces enzyme functions
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how does temperature affect growth and reproduction
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it can trigger timing
warmer times often lead to more growth can change style of grwoth. animals in cooler water grow slower Temperature affects the sex of the organism as they develop |
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
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hyperosmotic
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too many solutes
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hypoosmotic
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too little solute
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how do organisms respond to changes in salinity
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osmosis of water (in or out)
excretion of solute to change internal salinity |
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mass specific oxygen consumption rate
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oxygen consumed per unit time per unit body mass
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how many species live under marine sedimentq
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100 million
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how many macroscopic animals are in the deep sea
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10 millino
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how many species live on coral reefs
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9 millino
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how many phyla are solely marine
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15
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how many phylum are solely terrestrial
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1
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how many phyla are terrestrial and marine
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19
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what are factors that can be opportunities and constraints for marine organisms
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wet-dessication not a constraint
salty low in nutrients low in oxygen dense |
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what is the ecological efficiency in the marine environment and what is the cause of it
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about 50%
because a lot of life is very small |
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what does the dense water give opportunity for
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little size constraints of marine predators
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food web
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description of what species eat what
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plankton have what type of characterization
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small and slow
minimize sinking maximize drag |
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nekton have what type of characterization
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large and fast
maximize spped minimize drag |
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holoplankton
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permanent plankton
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meroplantkon
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temporary larvae
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reynolds number
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pressue / friciton drag
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Fast nekton have what body shape
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fusiform with a profile thickness of .25
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reynolds number increases with
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velocity or size
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What happens to current as you go deeper in the water column
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it decreases
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boundary layer
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where velocity declines approximately linearly with decreasing distance to the bottom surface
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velocity remains in constant with
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the cross sectional area
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streamlined body form mainly accounts for what
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pressure drag, but also some skin friction
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what does the benign habitat of the sea lead to in terms of reproduction
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broadcast spawning
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what is an implication of broadcast spawning
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larval dispersal and open local populations. it leads to genetic cross over in population
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what does the high predation of the ocean lead to?
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high fecundity
lots of offspring to ensure survival |
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settlement
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biological phenomena of larval populations becoming bethnic or being able to swim
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recuitment
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estimate of settlement in a population
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lecithotrphic larvae
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yolk dependent larvae that are short lived with short dispersal times
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planktotrophic larvae
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are plankton feeding because they live in their larvae stage for long periods of time
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Between algae, invertebrates, and fish, which have the longest dispersal distance
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fish
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metapopulation
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open populations that are linked by larval dispersion
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metapopulation is called waht in fisheries
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stock
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how does broadcast spawning affect sex?
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Often organisms are hermaphrodites or have complex life cycles
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protandry
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male turns to a female
usually occurs in restricted spatial social groups |
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protogyny
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female turns to male
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what is female and male reproductive success determined by?
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females-number of gametes
males-number of inseminations |
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increased parental care leads to
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lowered fecundity because more energy is being put into the reproductive success of fewer young
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migration
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directed periodic movement of all or part of a population
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why undergo migration
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the benefits outweigh the costs:
-adult feeding areas and ideal spawning areas are separate -young adults make developmental migrations from their nurseries to their feeding grounds |
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How do marine organisms migrate
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orient to static landmarks
compass to dynamic landmarks (celestial) |
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diadromy
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migration between marine and freshwater
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catadromy
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adults freshwater and spawn at sea
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anadromy
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adults are marine and spawn in freshwater
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sexual selection
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the selection for seconday sex features (like large claws, blonde hair, etc)
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gonochroistic species
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have separate sexes
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why would an organism that is a female switch to be a male?
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if the largest male is reduced from his herem the largest female will switch to take over
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why would a male want to switch to be a female
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because he is small and doesn't have the evolutionary advantage
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fertilization success is affected by water
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mode of sperm transfer, volume of gamete production, distance between males and females, water turbulence, timing, and behavior
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semelparity
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organisms that spawn only once
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iteroparity
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organisms that spawn more than once
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What is the trade off between growth and reproduction
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The more energy devoted to one, the other suffers.
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planktonic larvae can respond to what sensory factors to direct their movement
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light and pressure differences
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gregarious settling
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larvae settle on adults of their own species
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larval recruitment
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combined result of larval habitat selection and early mortality
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what are the 5 levels of the ecological hierarchy
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biosphere
ecosystem community population individual |
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individual
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focuses on an organism that is physiologically independent from other individuals
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population
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focuses on the interactions between groups of the same species
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community
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study of groups of populations that all live in the same place
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niche
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range of environments over which a speciesis found
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territoriality
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+ - or - -
benefits one and not the other or doesn't benefit either |
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competition
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- - typically negatively affects both
organisms inhibit each others access to mutual resources in short supply can be direct or indirect |
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predation
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+ -
benefits one |
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optimal foraging
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when overall food density is high, its ok to be selective in food choice
when food density is low, it is better to broaden range of eating habits |
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crypsis
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blending into the background
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batesian mimic
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harmless and look like a model species that is dangerous
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mullerian mimic
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are harmful and resemble other harmful species
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what are ways of decreasing predation
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mechanical, chemical defense, hiding from predators, camoflague, etc
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commensalism
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+ 0
benefits one species but the other is unaffected |
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mutualism
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+ + both benefit
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parasitism
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+ -
host does not benefit |
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does predation include plants?
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yest
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amensalism
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- 0
one organsism is negatively affected while the other isnt usually done on accident |
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what affects and regulates population sizes of marine organisms
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immigration +
birth + death - emigration - |
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If a population is density dependent, then if the population increases, what else happens?
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Death rate increases
Birth rate decreases |
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What are some sources of density dependence
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competition for resources
predation (only if predators eat the population when it is high) |
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If a population was density independent, what would happen to the birth and deaths rates
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they would remain unchanged with respect to population density
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when birth rate is larger than the death rate what happens
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the population grows
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carrying capacity
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the maximum population size that the environments limited resources can sustain
it is a balancing point between the death and birth rates |
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what is the grand hypothesis of population dynamics
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density independence occurs in larval phase
density dependence occurs in juvenile and adult phase |
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fish have what kind of larvae
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planktotrophic
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Why is it believed that larval populations are density independent
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because they are not abundant enough for density dependence to occur
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Explain the trade offs between the larval and feeding stage of a fish
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larval- while more susceptible to predators, they have a yolk sac so they wont starve
feeding- they can starve but they have the ability to escape from predation |
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what happens when a population exceeds its carrying capacity
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competition for resources occurs and the population gets smaller
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what is the grand hypothesis of population dynamics
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density independence occurs in larval phase
density dependence occurs in juvenile and adult phase |
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If a population is density dependent, then if the population increases, what else happens?
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Death rate increases
Birth rate decreases |
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fish have what kind of larvae
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planktotrophic
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Why is it believed that larval populations are density independent
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because they are not abundant enough for density dependence to occur
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Explain the trade offs between the larval and feeding stage of a fish
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larval- while more susceptible to predators, they have a yolk sac so they wont starve
feeding- they can starve but they have the ability to escape from predation |
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What are some sources of density dependence
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competition for resources
predation (only if predators eat the population when it is high) |
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If a population was density independent, what would happen to the birth and deaths rates
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they would remain unchanged with respect to population density
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what happens when a population exceeds its carrying capacity
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competition for resources occurs and the population gets smaller
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when birth rate is larger than the death rate what happens
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the population grows
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carrying capacity
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the maximum population size that the environments limited resources can sustain
it is a balancing point between the death and birth rates |
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what are two hypothesis related to poor year classes
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larvae drift away from their food source, leading to dying off from the population
food is rare, so individuals grow slower and susceptible to predation longer |
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what ultimately regulates a marine population
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the density indepedent mortality of larval fish
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what is evidence for intraspecific competition
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density dependent growth- the larger you grow the more able you are to outcompete for resources. This can often lead to density dependent mortality (individuals dont' get enough food) and fecundity (larger fish can hold more eggs).
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what is evidence of interspecific competetion
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through resource partitioning
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source subpopulation
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produces more indviduals to the metapopulation than other sub populations
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sink subpopulation
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a subpopulation that receives more immigrants than the other subpopulations
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genotype
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genes that characterize an individual
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phenotype
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what we see on an individual
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what is morphological variation determined by?
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variation by genetic factors + variation explained by env. factors + interaction between genes and the environment
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fitness
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the relative survival and reproduction of a given genotype
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what are two main barriers from marine species being able to occur worldwide
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habitat-physiology limitations and barriers to dispersal
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what are the 5 filters that determines the number of species
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speciation
biogeography abiotic environment productivity biotic interactions |
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what are factors that determine geographic distribution of species
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temperature
currents salinity light geology |
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What are the 4 main domains in biogeography
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polar
westerlies trades coastal |
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what are characterisitics of the polar domain
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cold T, seasonal light, high nutrients
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what are characteristics of the westerlies
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cool T, moderate light, seasonal nutrients
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what are characteristics of the trades domain
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warm T, high light, low nutrients
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what are characteristics of the coastal domain
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variable T, light, and nutrients
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What are provinces based on
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water masses
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What are 3 provinces on the west coast
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Aleutian, california, and mexican
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ecotone
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region where two distinct habitats overlap and the species overlap as well
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what are latitudinal diversity gradients
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gradients of species density with regards to latitude
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what is the first hypothesis for latitudinal gradients
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tropics provides a more stable environment, leading to primary productivity year round, supporting more prey species, supporting more predator species
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what is the second hypothesis for latitudinal gradients
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a more stable environment in the tropics leads to more primary productivity, supporting more prey species, allowing for greater ecological specialization between predators because food is in abundance, allowing more predators to coexist
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in terms of longitudinal diversity, which area of the world has more species and why
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the pacific because it is an older ocean, allowing for more speciation
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Why are there more species in the indo pacific
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there is a broad range of benthic habitats
east pacific barrrier allows for retention of larvae due to currents, water T, and gaps between islands multiple tectonic plates are colliding, bringing species together |
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foundation species
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species that contribute substantially to the structure of a local habitat and determine many of its chemical and physical processes
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ecosystem engineers
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alter or create structural habitat
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what are some mechanisms for competing for space
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overgrowth and undercutting neighbors
secretion of poision having aggressive structures shading competitors |
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niche structure
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a predictable partitioning by coexisting species of habitats into subhabitats
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