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280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is an important part of the buffer system of the open-ocean water?
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carbon dioxide
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original megacontinent
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Pangaea
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what color are the ocean tropics with very little life? (this color penetrates the deepest)
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blue
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coldest temperature in the deepest part of the ocean
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0 degrees Celsius
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density and temperature are _______ proportional
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inversely
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how is salinity measured and what is the average measurement
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parts per thousand; 35 ppt
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what is the upper layer of the ocean and how deep is it?
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photic zone; 100 meters
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horizontal water movements driven by _____ that are caused by ____
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winds; differential heating
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the amount of dissolved gases in seawater is ____ proportional to the temperature of the water
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inversely
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vertical water movements are driven by ______ that are caused by_____
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the density of water; the temperature of water
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what is the final buffer of the buffer system
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carbonic acid
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what is the halocline a measure of
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salinity
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can cold water hold more or less gases than warm water
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more
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how is the upper portion of water heated
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radiant heating
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what are two similar high tides during one day called?
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neap tides
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where would a benthic organism be
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on the bottom of the ocean
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what is the movement of the plates of the earth's surface called?
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continental drift
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what is the feature that extends 3000-4000 feet
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shelf break
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what happens to the amount of oxygen as the temperature of water increases
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goes up
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what was the Trieste
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a bathyscaphe
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how are waters properties determined
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hydrogen bonds
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colors of the visible light specturm
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roygbiv
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two reasons organisms can not exist equally well in all ares of the ocean
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temperature, pressure, density
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molten rock in the interior of the earth is _____ when it escapes at the spreading seafloor it is called ____
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magma; lava
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four ocean basins
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atlantic, indian, pacific, arctic
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the largest waves are called _____ and are generated by ______. They can reach a speed of ______
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tsunami; earthquakes; 100mph
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compare what would happen if you were on a boat when a tsunami passed by with if you were on an island
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you wouldn't feel it on the boat but it would go over the island
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what is subduction and what feature does it produce
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when on plate goes under another; trenches
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what is collision and what features does it produce
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when two plates hit; mountains
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give two processes that increase the salinity of seawater locally
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freezing and evaporation
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give two processes that decrease the salinity of seawater locally
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melting and rain
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within the first 10 meters of the ocean ____(color) light is absorbed. under ideal conditions _____(color) light can penetrate to the depth of _____ meters
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red;blue;100
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the are that has enough light for photosynthesis is the _____zone. beyond this is called the _______zone
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photic; aphotic
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what are the conditions above and below the thermocline
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hot above cold below
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the thermocline is disturbed in the ocean by the _____ of the cold water as it warms and water sinking cause by changes in density and ______
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rising; temperature
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how can plate tectonics build mountains on the land
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they grow really large and rise above the water
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how can plate tectonics build mountains in the middle of the ocean
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hot spots
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The _______ located in the _____ Trench is the deepest part of any trench that extends to the depth of about _______ meters
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Challenger Deep; Mariana; 11,000
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what is the tallest mountain on the earth and from where is it measured
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Mt. Kilawaya is measured from the bottom of the ocean
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why do new moon and full moon phases produce greater tidal variations than other moon phases
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because they cause more of a gravitational pull
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what is a gyre
what are the two currents that make it give the location of two |
a circle of currents
hot and cold ones N and S Atlantic |
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what is a geological hot spot and what is its importance
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a place where magma comes out of the earth, it makes a chain of islands
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what is a pycnocline
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where the salinity has a sharp change
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what causes winds from blowing directly from the west to the east
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continents and the coreolus effect
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where is the largest dirunal tidal variation and how large is it
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Bay of Fundy; 50 ft
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what is the continuous mountain range that completely circles the earth
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the ridge and rise system
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sinking water carries ________ from the surface to the depths and upwelling brings ______ the the surface
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oxygen; nutrients
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what two moon phases produce spring tides
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new and full
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what two moon phases produce neap tides
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1st and 3rd
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what makes deep ocean vents unique compared to the rest of the ocean floor
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they emit hydrogen sulfide that are 400C
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what makes the Antarctic Circumpolar current unique
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it circles the whole planet
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what actually moves a wave
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current
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when does the water in a wave move
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when its near a shore
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what current gives England a milder climate then it should have for its latitude
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Gulf Stream Current
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what would make the gulf of mexico less salty and what would make it more
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less- rain
more- evaporation |
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what is the measure of pressure at sea level
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1atm
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El Ninos affect what ocean
What does it do to that ocean How does it affect Peru |
Pacific
warms it so upwelling stops nutrients cant come to the top so they cant fish which harms their economy |
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What is La Ninas effect on the ocean
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makes it colder
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pressure increases with depth in the water 1 atm for every ____ meters
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10
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why is europe and north american two inches farther than they were last century
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plate tectonics
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what is the difference between spring and neap tides
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neap is the lowest low tides and spring is the highest high tide
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what happens to water when it freezes and why is this important
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it expands, makes water freeze from top to bottom so ocean life can survive
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why do tides no occur at the same time every day
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the moon comes up 50 mins later everyday
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what is the function of a buffer and what is the most important one
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to keep the ocean from getting to acidic or too basic, bicarbonate
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what is the large tank on the Trieste filled with and why is it important
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gasoline, to help it float without leaving empty space
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wind mixes the water as it passes over the depth of ______ the hight of the wave
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2 times
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how hot is the water leaving the deep vents, what does it have to cool to for bacteria to live there
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400C; 80C
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what are the bacteria that lives near the ocean vents and what process do they use other than photosynthesis
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thermophiles, chemosynthesis
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what countries economy is tied to upwelling and what is their relationship
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Peru; the upwelling bring nutrients to the top which brings fish
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what is the average salinity of seawater
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35 ppt
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a salmon that drinks little and excretes a lot is in a ______ environment
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hypoosmotic
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what is a relationship where both organisms benefit
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mutualism
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what is the ability to regulate internal body temperature regardless of external temperature
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endotherms
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what do organisms use for energy
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ATP
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true or false, all plankton are microscopic
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false
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what organisms are attached to the bottom of the ocean
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nekton
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how permeable are cell membranes
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semipermeable
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animals are:
a- autotrophs b-heterotrophs c- herbivores d- carnivores |
b
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meiosis involves ____ reproduction
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sexual
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chloride cells are most likely to be found on organisms that are ______ to their environments
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hypoosmotic
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most materials enter and leave cells by what process
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diffusion
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what is detritus
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remains and waste
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Plankton is _____ but the phytoplankton are limited to the _____
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pelagic; photic zone
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how permeable is a fish's body, how permeable are its gills
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impermeable; semipermeable
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____ includes the entire ocean
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pelagic
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what are organisms that must have oxygen
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obligate aerobes
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what are ribosomes most closely related to
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endoplasmic reticulum
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suspension feeders are most likely what?
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zooplankton
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what group has the fewest members
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carnivores
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when salmon are in saltwater their environment is _____ because they drink a lot
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hyperosmotic
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trying to maintain a certain salinity level is an example of what
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homeostasis
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worms burrowing in the mud on the bottom of the shallow seas would be what
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infauna
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what is plasmodesmata
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holes in the cell wall
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what are organisms that prefer oxygen but can exist without it
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facultative anaerobes
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what are chromatin
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chromosomes
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what type of competition is between a clown fish and an anemone
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intraspecific
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what organelle is found in plant cells but not animal
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chloroplast
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what are cells with membrane-bound organelles
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eukaryotes
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what controls heredity
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chromatin
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cells that contain lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum are involved in what
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protein
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what is salmon an example of
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nekton
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an organism that remains the same in an aquatic environment is probably what to that environment
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isosmotic
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when salmon are in freshwater, their environment is ______ to them because they drink very little
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hypoosmotic
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who would use shivering to stay warm
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endotherms
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an intimate an prolonged relationship between organisms is
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symbiosis
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anoxia conditions would be beneficial to who
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obligate anaerobes
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all organisms tha can live without oxygen or in a sealed can with very little oxygen are
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faculatative aerobes
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obligate vs facultative
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obligate have to either have or not have
where facultative prefer the other but can live with it |
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cell walls are composed of what
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cellulose
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organisms around a deep ocean vent use what to get their food
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chemosynthesis
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great white sharks are _____ but most fish are ____
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partial endoderms, ectoderms
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give a factor that increases salinity and one that decreses
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increase- evaporation
decrease- rain |
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two parts of the cytoskelton
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microfilaments microtubules
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what kind of symbiosis do these have:
shark/remora coral/algae shark/fish tapeworm/fish |
one benefits other unaffected
both benefit one benefits other killed one benefits the other harmed |
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the purpose of mitosis is to keep the same numver of chromosomes in a
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organism
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the purposes of meiosis is to keep the same number of chromosomes in a
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species
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two things on a fish that prevent osmosis
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scales, mucus
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major advantage of asexual reproduction
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the keep characteristics that are useful
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major difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton
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zoo are animals phyto are plant
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what is required for osmosis to occur
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water and semi-permeable membrane
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major advantage of sexual reproduction
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new characteristics to adapt to new conditions
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two kinds of asexual reproduction
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fission and budding
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what happens at equilibrium
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the intake and outake are the same
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formula for respiration
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6O2 + C6H12O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
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formula for photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O2 + 6O2 + energy
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under what conditions is asexual reproduction beneficial
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when the conditions dont change
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where does the heat that keeps us warm come from
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the hot air we breath in
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why are phytoplankton limited to the photic zone
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they need light to perform photosynthesis
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what two things can a cell membrane not regulate
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sugar and water
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give an example of where youd find chloride cells and what they do
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salt water fish; break down salt
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the scale, mucus and skin prevent osmosis in most of the fish, where can osmosis take place
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gills
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what is a mistake in mitosis or meiosis
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mutation
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what fish is a partial endotherm
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great white shark
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what is a salmons salinity and how is this an adaptation to traveling between fresh and salt water
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18 ppt. they are in between the salinity of a fresh and saltwater fish so they have an easier time regulating the difference
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what is an autotroph
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a self feeder
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what are the two ways autotrophs get their food
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photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
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what is a change in a chromosome or the number of chromosomes
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mutation
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three forms of asexual reproduction
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fragmentation budding fission
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the classification system as it goes from smallest to largest becomes more
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general
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working in a fish cannery or on a fishin boat might result in an infection of what
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mycobacterium
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what are the most important primary producers
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nannoplankton
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what will poison a human during an algal bloom
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shell fish
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mycobacterium cause what illness
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respiratory problems
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fish excreta and mucus are associated with what
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pfiesteria piscicida
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atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by what
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diatoms
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when atmospheric nitrogen is fixed its converted into what
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nitrites
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what is a dinophytes permanently condensed nucleus
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macronucleus
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what is over fertilization of a body of water
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eutrophication
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why are most algal blooms near the shore
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there is more runoff
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what is mycobacterias target
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fish
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what group has cell walls made of cellulose
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dinophytes
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what is an iron lung associated with
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cyanobacteria
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what are several closely related groups called
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taxa
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what is the shell of a diatom
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frustule
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what would survive best if the ozone later was depleted in some areas and had more uv rays and why
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coccolithophores because their glass would reflect the rays
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what are cyanobacteria
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blue-green algae
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what are chrysophyta
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golden algae
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what are coccolithophores
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calcareous plates
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what are silicoflagellates
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skeletons of glass
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what are dinoflagellates
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two flagellates
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what are saxitoxins
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most toxin non-protein
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what are chlorophyta
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green algae
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what are zooxanthellae
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mutualistic with sea anemones
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what are gonyaulax
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produce perdinin
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name one of the areas that are most likely to have outbreaks of Pfiesteria piscicida
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east coast of new england
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give two reasons there are more algal blooms during the months without "r"
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increased temperature and more nutrients
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what body of water between egypt and arabia is colored from cyanobacteria blooms, what pigment is responsible for this
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Red Sea; phycocyanin
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what is the main difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton
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zoo are animals and phyto are plants
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what is a large member of the Phaeophyta and what color is it
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kelp; brown
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what are epiphytes
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plates in diatoms
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give a reason for having scientific names
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so the names dont change and everyone understands
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the brown algae ______ grows as much as ___ feet per day
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kelp; 3
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give two ways the phytoplankton prevent sinking
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flagella and bristles
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the following are parts of what: epitheca, frustule, hyptheca, raphe
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diatom
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what are the two generations in alteration of generations
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sporophytes and gametophytes
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in the classifications system what is the smallest level and what is the largest
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species is the smallest kingdom is the largest
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how do shellfish get their food, how can it be dangerous
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filter feeding, you can get PSP
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what are two major differences between plantae and animalia
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plantae are self feeders and animalia aren't
platae have cell walls and animalia dont |
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what two fertilizers that are most often involved in an algal bloom
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nitrogen and phosphores
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how many stages are in the life of pfiesteria piscicida
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24
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list the three general types of pfiesteria piscicida
which one is not parasitic |
ameba, cyst, and flagelite
cyst |
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why shouldn't you eat shellfish in months without an r
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so you dont get PSP
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who made the binomial nomenclature
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Linaeus
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how can a bloom cause massive fish kills
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they produce toxins that kill the fish directly and they die decompose and use up all the oxygen
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phytoplankton avoid the very surface because there are too many what
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uv rays
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what is the grass of the sea
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plankton
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why are phytoplankton only in the photic zone
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they need sunlight
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why are the zooplankton in the photic zone
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they eat the phytoplankton
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why do phytoplankton have bristles and spines
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to stay floating
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what is a congener
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a toxin modified for use
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what are the names used in the binomial nomenclature system
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genus name and species
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why are most algal blooms near shores
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thats where the run off nutrients are
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what is PSP, give two things that might be done as treatment
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paralytic shellfish poisoning, iron lung and CPR
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what does piscicida mean
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fishkiller
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what does plankton
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floating
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what makes saxitoxin unique and how is it beneficial
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they can be made unpoisonous, botox
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how is the auxospore different from the rest of the life cycle of a diatom- why is it necessary
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there is no shell which allows it to move
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what is diatomacious earth and what are it's uses
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small pieces of glass from diatoms used for toothpaste, reflective paint, and microscopes
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why is latin used to name organisms
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latin is dead so the meanings dont change
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what is the first effect pfiesteria piscicda has on fish
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the become lathargic
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why are primary producers so important
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its what everything else eats
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how do filter feeders get their food, give an example
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filter through water to get food; coral
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what is bioluminescence and what is a function
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filter through water for food; coral
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two materials that may compose shells of phytoplankton
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calcium and glass
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the raphe is a groove on diatoms through which cytoplasm extends so the diatoms can what
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move
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what is the distinguishing characteristics of dinoflagellates
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they have two flagella
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if epiphytes grow on a host and take nothing from it what kind of relationship do they have
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commensalism
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why do phytoplankton form cyst
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for protection
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explain the relationship between zooxanthellae and anemones
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they are mutualistic
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how can we be poisoned by phytoplankton toxins if we don't ingest them
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breath them in
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What are the following algae?
Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Chlorophyta Anthophyta |
red algae
brown algae green algae flowering plants |
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what are the following mangroves?
rhizophora mangle avincennia germinens lucuncularia racemosa |
red mangrove
black mangrove white mangrove |
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where are Lenticels found in mangroves and what is their function
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in the stems; to take in oxygen
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what group are the largest forms of seaweeds, whats an example, how much can it grow a day
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Phaeophyta; kelp; 3 feet
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Some mangroves germinate while still on the parent plant. What is the term for this?
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vivipary
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what succession depends on what
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plants
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monoecious plants have flowers that are what
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imperfect
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what is a reproductive strategy for floating marine plants
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fragmentation
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Where are Algins found and what are they used for
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ice cream; makes it smooth
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cosmetics contain what that is produced by brown algae
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algin
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what produces carpospores
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red algae
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having a male flower in one plant and a female in the other is a characteristic of what kind of plant
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dioecious
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carposporophytes reproduce by forming what
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carpospores
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salt is excreted by special glands where
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on cord grass at the base of white mangroves
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what is the main pollinator of emergent marine plants
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insects
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what is brackish water
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fresh and salty
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what is it called when plants change conditions to favor other plants instead of themselves
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succession
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what is a flower that has missing sepals
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incomplete
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having separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant are are characteristic of what kind of plant
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monoecious
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what group do epiphytes belong to
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Rhodophyta
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What seaweed makes up the Sargasso Sea
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Sargassum
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What are Doldrums
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areas with little wind
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what group has members that are terrestrial flowering plants
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anthophyta
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what produces to algin
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chysophyta
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what produces to agar
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Rhodophyta
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what is the female part of a flower
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pistil
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what are prop roots
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mangroves
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what color are the following:
chlorophyll phycoerytherin xanthophyll carentoid phycocyanin |
green
red yellow/golden orange blue |
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which mangrove grow in the deepest water
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red
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which mangrove prefer brackish water
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black
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which mangrove prefers shallow water or the shore
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white
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what is the male part of a flower
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anther
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what are considered true plants
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anthophyta
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what is the waterlogged soil called that mangroves live in and what does it lack. what is an adaptation mangroves have for living in it
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muck- it lacks oxygen
they have prop roots |
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where would you look for mangroves
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the tropics
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why is there few seaweed in the Gulf coast of Alabama
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there is sand not rocks
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how do kelp stay in place one place, how do they stay upright in the water, how are they harvested
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they have holdfast to keep them in place
they have gas bladders to stay upright a lawn-mower type thing cuts them down and turns them to gelatin |
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what is the connection between the Gulf Stream and the mangroves of Florida
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the gulf stream brings in warm water from the tropics so the mangroves can live
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what does a plant have to have to be considered a true plant
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roots stems and leaves
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what is the function rhizome of sea grass
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reproduction
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put the followin in order from water to land:
1. black mangroves 2. oaks, tupelo populars 3. red mangroves 4. sea oats, pines 5. white mangroves 6. coral reefs |
6. coral reefs
3. red mangroves 1. black mangroves 5. white mangroves 4. sea oats 2. oaks |
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what is the importance of roots at every stage of succession
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to give plants nutrients
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why are seaweeds found along rocky coasts
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they have holdfast
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what are the three main structures of seaweed what what do they do
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1. holdfast- keep them in place
2. stipe- serves as a stem 3. blade- photosynthesis |
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why are words in italics
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they are scientific names
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what are advantages to having seeds that floats
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they can travel, they dont compete with parents
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tell the difference between submergent and emergent plants
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submergent are mostly underwater
emergent are mostly above |
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what are haptera
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extra things coming out of the holdfast to keep plant attached to ground
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what is the sargasso sea
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a seas with lots of sargassum
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what is the tidal amplitude is the distance between what
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high and low tide
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give two ways mangroves are economically important
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protect the shore and provide living environment
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give two factors that affect the distribution of marine plants
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temperature and nutrients
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what is detritus
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dead shit
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what is the function of pneumatocysts
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helps plants float (attached to plant)
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list 5 animals associated with mangroves
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crabs mollusks insects monkeys birds
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what is the connection between reefs and mangroves
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protect the spore
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tell which mangrove has prop roots or buttresses and their functions
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red- keeps plants attached
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what are two differences between the growth of plants and animals
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plants grow in a specific place forever
animals grow all over but stop |
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what four currents surround the sargasso sea
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n atlantic, gulf stream, canary, n tropic
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what is the name of each skeleton:
1. earthworms water skeleton 2. a skeleton on the outside 3. the skeleton of the sea urchin 4. skeleton of squid 5. skeleton on the inside |
1. hydrostatic
2. exoskeleton 3. test 4. pen 5. endoskeleton |
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what are these:
1. oligochaeta 2. pelecypoda 3. platyhelminthes 4. polychaeta 5. porifera 6. scaphopoda 7. scyphozoans |
1. few bristles
2. boat footed 3. flat worms 4. many bristles 5. pore-bearer 6. hatchet- footed 7. cup animals |
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what are you eating of these:
1. sea scallops 2. oysters 3. scallops 4. clams 5. snails |
1. ray fin
2. visceral mass 3. adductor muscles 4. foot 5. visceral mass |
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what are the following:
1. crustaceans 2. echinodermata 3. gastropoda 4. hirudinea 5. hydrozoans 6. mollusks 7. nematoda |
1. exoskeleton
2. spiny- skinned 3. stomach-footed 4. leech 5. hydra-like 6. soft-bodied shellfish 7. round worm |
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what are these:
1. annelida 2. anthozoa 3. arthropoda 4. bivalve 5. cephalopoda 6. chordata 7. cnidarians |
1. segmented worms
2. flowering animals 3. jointed appendages 4. two shells 5. head-footed 6. have a notochord 7. stinging cells |
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what type of reef is this:
1. barrier 2. atoll 3. fringing |
1. seperated from land by water
2 circular with water in the middle 3. touchin land |
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what is the adult stage of a cniderian
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medusa
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what is the water inside a circular reef
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lagoon
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what is actually a colonial animal
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portuguese man of war
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what group is filter feeders
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porifera
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what group are jelly fish
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schypohozoans
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