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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continental shelf |
extends from the shoreline and would not exist if the ocean level decreased by 5%, 120 - 200m |
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continental slope |
the boundary line between the continental mass and the true ocean basin, 3000-4000m |
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abyssal plains |
flat, sediment covered deep ocean areas, 3000-5000m |
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ridge and rise systems |
form of continuous underwater mountain chains -- that 30% of the ocean basic |
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trenches |
areas deeper than 6000m most are located along margins of the pacific ocean *have high pressure and constant temperature
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seamounts |
volcanic mountains whose tops remain below the sea surface |
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water provides: |
buoyancy reduced skeletal structure |
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Viscosity |
the hydrogen bonding between water molecules tends to resist external forces |
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surface tension |
mutual attraction of water molecules at the surface of a water mass that creates a flexible molecular skin |
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water density |
increases as temperature decreases, at 4C |
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Ocean heat is transferred by |
convection - mixing conduction - molecular exchange |
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Heat Capacity |
waters ability to absorb or give off heat without experiencing a large temperature change |
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solvent action |
the small size and polar charge of each water molecule allow it to interact with and dissolve most naturally occurring substances, especially ions |
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Sea water |
inorganic salts dissolved gassses orgaic compounds |
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Salinity |
total amount of dissolved salts in sea water -- measured in parts per thousand 0/00 |
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Average ocean salinity |
35 |
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Photic Zone |
depth determined by how rapidly seawater absorbs light and converts it to heat energy |
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Thermocline |
a zone of rapid temperature decrease |
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Pynocline |
a zone of water density increase created by the thermocline |
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Surface Pressure |
1 atm |
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Trade Winds |
15N, blow from Northeast to Southwest |
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Westerlies |
midddle latitudes, blow west - southest |
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Polar easterlies |
at high latitudes, blow east to west |
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Coriolis Effect |
the surface water moved by winds does not flow parallel to the wind direction but is deflected to right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. as water depth increases this produces a spiral effect |
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gyres |
large circulating surface currents |
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El Nino |
a prominent warming of the equatorial pacific surface waters every few years at approximately christmas time, shift in wind changes thermocline |
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Hedgepath Zone |
based on water temperature, water depth, and available light |
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Intertidal Zone |
Zone between high and low tide |
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Photic Zone |
Where light intensity is great enough to accommodate photosynthesis |
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Aphotic ZOne |
where absence of light prohibits photosynthesis |
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Benthic Division |
environment of sea bottom |
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bathayal zone |
continental slope |
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Abyssal Zone |
deep ocean bottom -- 3000-6000m |
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Hadal Zone |
oceanbottom -- trench areas below 6000m |
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Pelagic Divison |
entire ocean mass |
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Crest |
highest part of the wave |
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Trough |
lowest part of the wave |
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Height |
vertical distance between trough and rest |
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wavelength |
the horizontal distance between 2 crests or troughs |
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fetch |
the length of water over which a given wind is blown |
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tide |
the rising and falling of the sea surface in a rhythmic pattern caused by gravitational pull of the moon and sun |
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spring tide |
new moon or full moon -- when the sun and moon are in line with one another and their gravitational pull on earth is additive -- water surges up |
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Neap Tide |
the sun and moon are at right angles to one another their effects on the earth partially cancel each other out, --- 1st and 3rd quarter moons |
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Semidiurnal tides |
two high tides and two low tides a day - In 24 hours -east coast, europe, asia |
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Mixed Semidiurnal Tides |
two high tides of different heights and two low ties of different heights in a day (24hours) -west coast -canada |
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Diurnal tides |
only one high tide and one low tide in a day (24hours) -antartica, mexico, carribean, and pacific |
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Bethos |
organisms that live on or in the ocean bottom |
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Nekton |
strong swimming animals that live in ocean water -- tuna |
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Plankton |
usually small, floating or feeling swimming animals and photosynthetic organisms |
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Phytoplankton |
photosynthethic organisms, live near surface |
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ZooPlankton |
animal life organisms, many with flotation devices |
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Phytoplankton |
microscopic primary produces - single celled -live in photic zone -photosynthetic |
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Cyanobacteria |
photosynthethic produces oxygen based on chlorophyll a -gram negative -- pink -small -symbiotic association with other organisms -phycocyanin -- blue color
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Division Chrysophyta |
single celled primary photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll a l, c -internal skeleton of silica or calcium carbonate -may have flagella |
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Class Chrysophyceae |
Cocccolithophores - small calcareous plates , warm water
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Silicoflagellates |
internal ornate silica skeleton |
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Class Bacciliophyscae |
Diatoms Dynophytes |
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Diatoms |
most important producers in ocean, most abundant -silicon dioxie external cell wall -a, c, cartonoids -radial symmetry -- centric -bitlaterally symmetry -- raphe for gliding |
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Dinophytes |
most are marine primary produces -- second to diatoms -large nucleus -2 flagella -bioluminecent -neurotoxins -- blooms -- red tide |
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Phaeophyta |
Brown algae chlorophyll a, c fucoxanthin xanthophylls carotenes kelp |
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Rhodophyta |
Red algae chlorophyll a phycobilins (red and blue) carotenes polysiphonia |
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Chlorophyta |
Green algae Chlorophyll a,b carotenes ulva |
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Blade |
flat leaflike strucutre
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stipe |
flexible stem like structure, absorbs force of waves |
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holdfast |
resemble roots but only function to attach seaweed to substrate |
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Pneumatocysts |
gas filed floats found on large kelp that lift the blade towards the sun |
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3 patterns of reproduction |
1. Alternation of Sporophyte and Gametophyte Generations 2. Suppression of either Sporophyte or Gametophyte Generation 3. 3 Generations of Red Algae |
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Anthohyta |
flowering marine plants |
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Thalassia |
turtle grass flroida texas large circular beds usaully eaten when decomposing |
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Zostera |
eel grass atlantic pacific shallow water by tide line eaten when decayed |
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Phyllospadi |
surf grass lower intertidal and shallow sudtidal rock |
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Mangroves |
Managals partially submerged along shallow tropical seashores |
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Red |
waters edge long seedlings called propgules |
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Black |
pneukatophores --- roots stick out of mud for aeration |
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white |
inland of black manroves |
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Standing Crop |
amount of lives plants at a crtain amount of time |
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Primary Production , Photosynthesis |
a process of creating high energy organic material from CO2, H2O and sunlight |
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Gross Primary Production |
total amount of organic material produced in the sea by photosynthesis |
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Net Marine Primary Production |
excess production-- what is left over after organisms use what they need in cellular respiration |
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Limiting Factors |
any condition that exceeds the limit of tolerance or does not satisfy the basic material needs or an organism establishes a check on further population growth |
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Critical depth |
rate of photosynthesis = rate of cellular respiration, no excess |
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Photoinhibiiton |
light is too intense for photosynthesis |
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Saturation Light Intensity |
the point at which photosynthesis is no longer in proportion to increasing sunlight |
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Photosynthesis |
6Co2 + 12H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 |
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Light reaction |
chlorophyll absorbs photons excited electrons move through electron chain electron energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH2 |
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Dark Reaction |
ATP + NADPH2 ---> C6H12O6 |
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Cycle of Sea |
Phytoplankton Grazing Zooplankton Excretion and death decomposition water regeneration |
