Marieb Chapter 3 "cells: The Living Units"

Front 1

Give examples of cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases

Back 1

1. Epithelial cells
2. Fibroblasts
3. Erythrocytes

Front 2

Examples of cells that move organs and body parts.

Back 2

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Smooth muscle

Front 3

Examples of cell that stores nutrients.

Back 3

Fat cell (he's not a thief, he's just a fat kid)

Front 4

Example of cells that fights disease.

Back 4

Macrophage.

Front 5

Example of cell that gathers information and controls body functions.

Back 5

Nerve cell

Front 6

Example of a reproduction cell

Back 6

SPERM! (go swimmers go!)

Front 7

Human cells have 3 basic parts, what are they?

Back 7

1. Plasma membrane (outer boundary)
2. Cytoplasm (intracell fluid)
3. Nucleus (control center)

Front 8

What is the bimolecular layer of lipids & proteins, that is constantly changing and also plays role in cell activity?
NOTE: separates intracell (ICF)with extracell (ECF) fluid
NOTE: interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)

Back 8

plasma membrane

Front 9

What are the functions of the proteins that reside in the membrane? (6 functions)

Back 9

1) Transport
2) Enzymatic activity
3) Receptors for signal transduction.
4) Intercellular adhesion
5) Cell-cell Recognition
6) Attachment to the cytoskeleton.

Front 10

What are the 3 types of membrane junctions?

Back 10

1. Tight junction (creates seal)
2. Desmosome (forms adhesion)
3. Gap Junction (helps pass ions, etc)

Front 11

What are the 2 types of membrane transport?

Back 11

1) Passive (no ATP energy, moves down concentration gradient)
2) Active (ATP required, only in living cells)

Front 12

What determines whether or not a substance can passively permeate a membrane?

Back 12

1) Lipid SOLUBILITY of substance
2) Channels of appropriate SIZE
3) CARRIER proteins

Front 13

Movement of O2 through phospholipid bilayer.

Back 13

Simple diffusion (passive - kinetic energy)

Front 14

Movement of glucose (lipophobic molecules) into cells.

Back 14

Facilitated Diffusion (passive - kinetic energy)

Front 15

Name 4 types of passive diffusion.

Back 15

1. Simple diffusion
2. carrier-mediated facilitated
3. channel-mediated facilitated
4. Osmosis

Front 16

Aquaeous channels formed by transmembrane proteins selectively transport ions or water

Back 16

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion.

Front 17

This diffusion uses transmembrane integral proteins to TRANSPORT specific polar molecules (ie. sugars and amino acids)

Back 17

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Front 18

What is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell called?

Back 18

Tonicity

Front 19

A solution with the SAME solute concentration as that of the cytosol

Back 19

Isotonic

Front 20

A solution having GREATER solute concentration than that of the cytosol.

Back 20

Hypertonic

Front 21

A solution having LESSER solute concentration than that of the cytosol.

Back 21

Hypotonic

Front 22

Movement of water through phospholipid bi-layer or AQPs.

Back 22

Osmosis (passive - kinetic energy)

Front 23

Name the two type of active processes.

Back 23

1. Active transport.
2. Vesicular transports
(both use ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane.)

Front 24

This requires carrier proteins (solute pumps) and moves AGAINST a concentration gradient. (included subdivisions of Primary & Secondary Transport)

Back 24

Active Transport

Front 25

Energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport protein so that bound solutes (ions) are "pumped" across the membrane

Back 25

Primary Active Transport

Front 26

Uses co-transport (always transports more than one substance at a time), and includes SYMPORT (in same direction) and ANTIPORT (in opposite direction) systems.

Back 26

Secondary Active Transport.

Front 27

Transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across plasma membranes

Back 27

Vesicular Transport.

Front 28

Name 5 types of Vesicular Transport.

Back 28

1. Exocytosis (interior to exterior)
2. Endocytosis (large particles)
3. Transcytosis (in, across, out)
4. Vesicular Trafficking (one area to another).
5. Phagocytosis (engulfs solids and brings 'em in).

Front 29

This is pumping ions across a membrane.

Back 29

Primary active transports (ATP)

Front 30

this is movement of polar or charged solutes across a membrane.

Back 30

Secondary Active transport (Ion gradient)

Front 31

this is secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Back 31

Exocytosis (ATP)

Front 32

this is white blood cell phagocytosis.

Back 32

phagocytosis (ATP)

Front 33

this is absorption by intestinal cells

Back 33

Pinocytosis (ATP)

Front 34

This is hormone and cholesterol uptake

Back 34

Receptor - mediated endocystosis (ATP)

Front 35

Name the membraneous cytoplasmic organelles (five of them)

Back 35

1. Mitochondria
2. Perixosomes
3. Lysosomes
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Golgi Apparatus

Front 36

Name the NON membraneous cytoplasmic organelles (three of them)

Back 36

1. Cytoskeleton
2. Centrioles
3. Ribosomes

Front 37

What is a double-membraned structure with "cristae" that provides most of a cell's ATP and contain its own DNA and RNA?

Back 37

Mitochondria?

Front 38

What are granules containing protein and rRNA and are a site of protein synthesis (On rough ER, they synthesize proteins)

Back 38

Ribosomes

Front 39

What are the characteristics of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 39

Interconnected tubes & parallel membranes with continuous nuclear membrane
- Two varieties:
1) Rough ER
2) Smooth ER

Front 40

What are the characteristics/look of Rough ER?

Back 40

External surface studded with Ribosomes (for her pleasure)
It manufactures ALL secreted protein and synthesizes protein and phospholipids

Front 41

What are the characteristics of SMOOTH ER?

Back 41

Tubes arranged in looping network, and the enzymes have multiple functions, depending on where they are:
1) In Liver - breakdown glycogen (detox in kidneys)
2) In intestinal cells-absorption
3) In skeletal/cardiac muscles-storage/release of calcium.

Front 42

What are the characteristics of Golgi Apparatus?

Back 42

Consist of stacked/flattened sacs that modifies->concentrates->then packages the lipids/proteins
(ER fuses, then proteins pass through, then secretory vesicles leave and go to designated parts of cell)

Front 43

What are the characteristics of Lysosomes?

Back 43

Spherical sacs that digest bacteria/viruses/toxins and they also breakdown & release glycogen

Basically, clean up bad crap in cell.

Front 44

What are the characteristics of Endomembrane System?

Back 44

to produce, store, and export biological molecules and to degrade potentially harmful substances.

Front 45

What does Perixosomes do?

Back 45

-neutralize harmful free radicals (which are highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons)

Front 46

What is an elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol?

Back 46

Cytoskeleton

Front 47

What are the characteristics of the Nucleus?

Back 47

genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins.
Most cells=uninucleate
Red Blood=anucleate
Skeletal, bone destruction=multinucleate

Front 48

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 48

1) mRNA - (messenger) carries info
2) tRNA - (transfer) begin process of synthesis
3) rRNA - (ribosomes) structural component of ribosomes

Front 49

What is the genetic code?

Back 49

three-base sequence on DNA represented by a codon (a complementary 3 base sequence on mRNA)

Front 50

5 Steps of Protein Synthesis

Back 50

1) SRP (signal recog particle) BINDS to receptor site
2) once on Rough ER, polypeptide PASSES through it
3) CLIPPED off by enzyme
4) Protein RELEASED
5) Goes to transport vesicle and LEAVES to golgi