March 28 Flashcards

Front 1

Nueve Chapelle

Back 1

served as the precedent for further war; was the initial assault that taught the British how to attack and counter attack; Britain declared it a success despite the soldiers knew they had accomplished nothing

Front 2

Communications

Back 2

key in attacks; withdrawn forces told the artillery units to fire on their former positions

Front 3

Britain and France

Back 3

tried to breakthrough, but were unsuccessful

Front 4

Back n’ Forth

Back 4

the description of both sides thinking the others would negotiate peace when they themselves launch an attack; the line never moved more than a few yards and the affect was psychologically hard on all participants of the war

Front 5

Suicide

Back 5

the soldiers at the western front were not suicide but knew that death was imminent (remained “entombed” in the trenches); Indian writing home said it was “the end of the world”; German: I will never come out

Front 6

The psychological effects of war

Back 6

led to nationalism

Front 7

Antiwar Pacifists

Back 7

typically found in post-war Britain and France.

Front 8

Resentment

Back 8

found in post-war Germany and assisted in the making of World War II

Front 9

Reserves behind the trenches

Back 9

oblivious to what was occurring ahead

Front 10

What was NOT learned at Nueve Chapelle

Back 10

the sector attacked has to be wide enough so that the attackers are not annihilated by artillery, or the German barrage

Front 11

Tank assaults and solders

Back 11

always got stuck in the moonscape created by the artillery

Front 12

Ypres

Back 12

22 April 1915; saw the 1st large-scale use of gas warfare.

Front 13

Adolf Hitler

Back 13

won 2 Iron Crosses for his service as a messenger between the trenches and the artillery lines; was temporarily blinded by a gas attack

Front 14

Hugo Gutmann

Back 14

the jewish officer who awarded Hitler the Iron Cross 1st class; immigrated to the U.S. in the wake of the German pogrom within World World II; changed his name to Henry G. Grant to escape Hitler

Front 15

Gas warfare

Back 15

variety of chemical warfare; the closest a person will ever come to feeling like a cockroach

Front 16

not used in WWII

Back 16

gas warfare

Front 17

3 percent of deaths

Back 17

due to gas warfare; troops had to deal with the grand possibility

Front 18

1916 to 1917

Back 18

Great Carnage

Front 19

Great Carnage

Back 19

when the most gas deaths happened (during the Somme and other such battles).

Front 20

Deaths after war

Back 20

damage to lungs and other vital organs; soldiers suffer from the effects of gas

Front 21

Effects of gas

Back 21

shaking

Front 22

25% of shells

Back 22

at one point of the war, this figure represented the number of gas shells that were used out of the total

Front 23

Tearing shell

Back 23

would emit tear gas; (bootcamp: have you go in without a mask to show you the importance of leaving your gas mask on)

Front 24

Asphyxiants

Back 24

used to smother the enemy; hydrochloric acid would be embedded and when mixed with moisture would burn and eat the eyes, lungs, etc.

Front 25

Blistering agent

Back 25

i.e. mustard gas; affects any exposed area and reacts with moisture to create horrific blisters

Front 26

Today’s gas warfare

Back 26

nerve agents (Powerful)

Front 27

Gas mask

Back 27

developed for all participants in the war (pilots, soldiers, horses, dogs, and pigeons).

Front 28

Problem with gas warfare mixed with machine gun

Back 28

soldiers go dwell in the low areas, but this is where the gas moves and settles

Front 29

French

Back 29

1st to use gas warfare in Aug. 1914; tearing agent (xylo-bramine); it was not affective, meant to disable them

Front 30

October 1914

Back 30

Germans use gas against French at Nueve Chapelle (this is before the British get there)

Front 31

Xylo-Bramine

Back 31

used against the Russians in January 1915, but was cold and the gas was ineffective

Front 32

Bayer aspirin

Back 32

responsible for producing gas for warfare; were forced to give over patent rights with the treaty of Versailles

Front 33

April 1915

Back 33

Germans use 160 tons of chlorine at Ypres

Front 34

Brits

Back 34

used it at Loos, but it was a disaster; prevailing winds blew it back

Front 35

Battle of the Bulge

Back 35

Zepp Dietrich declined the German request to use pigeons as communication there

Front 36

Delivery systems for gas

Back 36

cylinders---the most concentrated method; troops bringing it had to be protected, initiate it and stand back;;;;;Artillery----the most preferred method (1 in 4 of the shells were gas shells)

Front 37

Big bell

Back 37

used to signal when a gas shell was to detonate

Front 38

New Equipment due to warfare changes

Back 38

padded cloths, gas masks (leather, canvas) chemicals to neutralize)----didn’t know the earlier versions of the mask didn’t work until they were affected in warfare

Front 39

British Brody Helmet

Back 39

carried on the top of the helmet

Front 40

Draeger

Back 40

the German equipment maker for German gas-safety appliances

Front 41

Respirators

Back 41

filters air; came in hose respirator or direct attack

Front 42

When Germans released gas at ypres

Back 42

panic ensued; gas was deployed with the colonial troop and opened a 4 mile gap (did not take advantage of it)

Front 43

160 tons

Back 43

the amount of chloride used against Algerian troops at Langemark; within an hour there was a 500 yard gap there