March 26Th Flashcards

Front 1

Italian front

Back 1

bitterly questioned at the war’s end; Italians felt that they were on their own without assistance from the Western Allies.

Front 2

“Merchants of death”

Back 2

the publication of the Nye Committee investigating the industries and banks of America leading up to the First World War.

Front 3

Turkey

Back 3

entered the war on the side of the Axis (Central) Powers and caused many to worry about the outcome of the war due to the

Front 4

Britain

Back 4

fortified the Persian Gulf due to evolution of oil as a precious commodity.

Front 5

Bahrain

Back 5

island off of the coast of Saudi Arabia that is in the Persian Gulf; it is the site of Muslim parties without the Muslim restrictions

Front 6

Strait of Hormuz

Back 6

key place of oil shipment. Things go messy when they threaten to close U.N. ships.

Front 7

World War I

Back 7

the Middle East becomes a key place to the discovery of oil; before they were poor countries

Front 8

Turks

Back 8

attack the Suez Canal

Front 9

Suez Canal

Back 9

links Mediterranean to the Red Sea

Front 10

Britain and United Arab Armies

Back 10

fought against Turkey invaders of the Suez Canal

Front 11

Lawrence of Arabia

Back 11

fighter in Suez battle that managed to drive Turks out of the area

Front 12

Sinai

Back 12

place where the Turks passed in order to make it so the Suez Canal

Front 13

Turks

Back 13

masked army @ Damascus under General Kemal

Front 14

General Kemal

Back 14

the general in charge of the Turkish movements in Demascus and Gallipoli

Front 15

Krenchenstein (SP?)

Back 15

British officer at the Turkish battle at Damascus

Front 16

Near Ismailia

Back 16

where the British and Turks converge; it was the location that gave the British time to prepare forces

Front 17

After 1 week of fighting at Ismailia

Back 17

only ONE Turkish platoon made a foothold

Front 18

Turks

Back 18

pushed back to Syria

Front 19

Arabs

Back 19

did not rise up as a whole against the British; it is possible that they were offered/promised independence if they did not rise up against them.

Front 20

Egypt

Back 20

place of large British garrison until the end of the War

Front 21

Tactics

Back 21

subordinate of the strategy (i.e.- wolf packs; bomber formations)

Front 22

Strategy

Back 22

(i.e. use submarines to cut off imports; bombing campaign on German factories and civilians)

Front 23

Example of a strategy on the Western Front

Back 23

cut through the trenches in the West in order to break German defense

Front 24

Example of a tactic used on the Western front

Back 24

tanks and poison gases

Front 25

More than 500 miles

Back 25

the Western front from 1914- Nov. 1918

Front 26

Battle of the strategies

Back 26

whether or not to concentrate in East or West; 2 schools of thought (Ludendorff and Falkenhayn constantly argue.

Front 27

Ludendorff

Back 27

Wanted to defeat the Russians first

Front 28

Falkenhayn

Back 28

Moltke’s replacement; sent reinforcements to Austrians; wanted to defeat the West first

Front 29

Result

Back 29

Mixture of half-hearted reaction

Front 30

East

Back 30

became a German operation, while Austro-Hungary concentrated on the Italian/Isonzo Front

Front 31

Same result in World War II

Back 31

with Normandy invasion; Rommel and Rundstedt disagree and advise Hitler contrary points. Causes the Hitler to split up the troops

Front 32

British sea power vs German high fleet

Back 32

ongoing battle between the two naval capacities;

Front 33

Fisher

Back 33

1st sea lord of British fleet; Wanted to land on German coast, but decided against it because German fleet would come out of port to strike the British sea power

Front 34

Russians

Back 34

at the time they were suffering from German; with the first surge of mobilization, they ran out of ammunition and the Germans strove to close the Dardanelles

Front 35

Central to the Russians

Back 35

Keep the Dardanelles open so that transports can come in

Front 36

Austria Hungary

Back 36

showed weakness early on, proving Bismarck correct that ethnic group discourse does get in the way of military success

Front 37

Nicholas II in Russia

Back 37

learned lesson with East Prussia, and became cautious

Front 38

January to April 1915

Back 38

Russians attempted to hold South Flank (Galicia)

Front 39

Galicia

Back 39

place of battle where Russians tried to distract German forces there so that Russian forces could attack into East Prussia

Front 40

Russian forces in North Poland

Back 40

prepared to attack the

Front 41

Masurian lakes

Back 41

almost as devastating to the Russians as Tannenberg; Germans destroy 4 Russian divisions

Front 42

High command

Back 42

still fighting over what to do

Front 43

Dardenelle campaign

Back 43

Autumn 1915 to Spring 1915

Front 44

France during the Dardanelle

Back 44

not quiet; 8 to 9 months of war; France and Britain arguing over who should contribute more to the Western Front

Front 45

Sir John French

Back 45

control of BEF; thought the French were accusing the British of not contributing enough

Front 46

10 March

Back 46

British attack at Nueve Chapelle

Front 47

Nueve Chapelle

Back 47

a town near Ypres (where British forces had their last great attack); The British’s first offense was launched here; a “battle of the bulge” resulted there; casualties were high due to the German interlocking fields of fire

Front 48

Bulges in lines

Back 48

particularly dangerous in low ground, but can also serve as a launch pad

Front 49

British

Back 49

prepared by reinforcing their lines; had more troops sent in, many of which were Indian

Front 50

Indian troops working for the British

Back 50

suffered a third of the casualties

Front 51

Joffre

Back 51

demanded that France leave Ypres to British so that they had to manage both ypres and nueve chapelle

Front 52

John French

Back 52

didn’t think he had enough forces to maintain both, so he launched the attack at Nueve Chappelle in advance

Front 53

British 1st Army

Back 53

under the command of Haig; stationed at Nueve Chapelle

Front 54

Haig

Back 54

the commander that believed horses were key to the Western Front; and all fronts; very conservative

Front 55

Problem with Commanders

Back 55

many were not looking at the front to make decisions, resulting in major loss of life

Front 56

Siegfried Sadsson

Back 56

British hero in the war, suffered from PTSD; wrote about Western Front, soul wrenching, but eloquent; let attitude prevail

Front 57

Haig after Nueve Chapelle

Back 57

noted that Britain must be prepared for mass casualties and that numbers would get worse than at N.C.

Front 58

Chapelle

Back 58

a 2,000 yard front;

Front 59

British Tactics of Chapelle

Back 59

Bombard German lines for 30 minutes and then lift and move forward; did not work due to the German 500 guns, 2,000 shells, and 60,000 troops (all of which were masked within 100 yards); but surprise was effective against the German frontlines; learned quick to have someone responsible to clip the barbed wire

Front 60

Second phase of Nueve Chapelle

Back 60

plan called to stop for about 15 minutes between the invasion and shell the village of Nueve Chapelle

Front 61

Germans

Back 61

had strong point further back- other than Nueve Chapelle and began moving forward in order to close the gap.

Front 62

Machine guns in overtaken trenches

Back 62

caused major loss of life (would simply turn onto the enemy lined in the trench- the Germans learned fast)

Front 63

11, 652

Back 63

number of German casualties

Front 64

8600

Back 64

number of British casualties

Front 65

Approximately 2800

Back 65

number of Indian casualties on the British side (totaled 1/3 of the British casualties at Nueve Chapelle