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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Flowering Plants |
Angiosperms |
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Most economically important group of plants? |
Flowering Plants |
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Papaver somniferum |
Opium poppies Source of opium Native to southeastern Europe & southwestern Asia |
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Opium Poppies contain which alkaloids: |
Morphine Codeine Thebaine |
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What effects do Opium poppies have? |
They kill pain and induce euphoria |
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Know the opium story. |
China was sufficient until it came to opium in 1700s when the Emperor banned it except for medicinal use. The British East India company then began to bring opium from India to Chine were they were paid with silver. This silver was then used by the BEI to buy tea and silks. |
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Affects of Opium on China: |
-Affected Chinese business -Weakened the government -Undermined Chinese social and economic life |
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What caused the 1st Opium War? |
Late 1830s - China tried to compel the BEI to cease smuggling & hand over opium stocks. The British refused & sent a naval squadron to compel the Chinese to reinstate the opium trade. |
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The Opium War resulted in: |
-China opening its port to foreign trade -Chinese gave Hong Kong to the British -China still refused to legalize trade of opium |
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What caused the 2nd Opium War? |
1856 - China seized a British smuggling boat England sent troops to loot Peking |
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Largest, most powerful drug cartel in the world? |
The British Parliment |
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Opium's popular patent medicine? |
Laudanum |
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Who supplies 90% of todays opium poppies? |
Afghanistan Worth $3 billion - 13% of the GDP |
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Derived from the bark of the South American Cinchona tree? |
Quinine |
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Effective treatment against malaria that suppresses fever but does not cure the disease because it does not kill the parasite responsible. |
Quinine |
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Who are the Jesuits and what did they do? |
Collected Quinquina bark from natives in Peru, Bolivia, & Ecuador - "Jesuit's bark" Powdered & sold the bark throughout Europe This allowed Europeans to occupy tropical lands |
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How is Quinine used today? |
Responsible for the bitter taste of tonic water Remains with us as gin & tonic |
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5 Outstanding Characteristics of Flowering Plants: |
1. Angiosperms have flowers 2. The ovules are completely enclosed within layers of tissue provided by the sporophyte 3. Male gametophytes are only 3 cells in size while female gametophytes are only 7 cells in size 4. Double fertilization produces both an embryo & an endosperm, which is food storage tissue 5. The phloem contains sieve tube elements & companion cells |
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Who coined the term "botany"? |
John Ray |
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Who established the foundation for future taxonomists & the study of plants as a scientific discipline? |
John Ray |
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John Ray's 6 Rules for Plant Classification |
1. Plant names must be changed as little as possible to avoid confusion & mistakes 2. Characteristics of the group must be clearly defined and not rely on comparison 3. Characteristics must be obvious and easy to grasp 4. Groups that are widely approved should be preserved 5. Related plants should not be separated 6. The characteristics used to define should not be unnecessarily increased |
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1st to recognize the fundamental importance of the # of cotyledons produced by the embryo? |
John Ray |
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1703 - Who suggested that Flowering Plants should be divided into 2 classes? |
John Ray |
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The 2 suggested classes of flowering plants? |
Monocotyledones Dicotyledones |
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John Ray's classification system was NOT phylogenetic. |
IMPORTANT |
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The traditional class Dicotyledones contained at least 5 distinctive groups. How many of these groups were more primitive and shared ancestral characteristics? |
Four - the 5th group was highly derived |
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The primitive "dicot" taxa makes up how much of living Angiosperms? |
3% |
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Who established a very influential set of rules to determine which characters are primitive and which are advanced in Flowering Plants? |
Charles E. Bessey |
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Bessey - Ancestral characteristics of Flowering Plants include: |
2 cotyledons Pollen with 1 aperture Oil cells with ether-containing oils (basis of the scent of cloves, nutmeg, black pepper, & laurel leaves) |
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Who's work lead to the belief that Angiosperms evolved from ancestors with large, multipart flowers with conspicuous sepals & petals? |
Bessey - Disproved in the 1990s
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Characteristic of the earliest fossil flowers: |
-Either lacked sepals & petals or their sepals & petals looked similar -Most were only a few millimeters in size -Most had carpels & stamens |
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Current morphologic evidence says the earliest Angiosperms were: |
-Small, tropical understory trees -Produced small, hermaphroditic flowers |
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The most ancient living clade of Angiosperms |
Amborellaceae - Cladistics makes them the sister clade of all other Flowering Plants |
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Single species within Amborellaceae |
Amborella trichopoda |
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Small dioecious tree that grows on the island of New Caledonia |
Amborella trichopoda |
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After Amborellaceae, the next most ancient living clade of Angiosperms: |
Nymphales - "Water Lilies" |
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Ancestors of Water Lillies were? |
NOT aquatic |
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After Amborellaceae & Nymphales, the next most ancient living clade of Angiosperms: |
Austrobaileyales |
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Example of Austrobaileyales |
Star Anise |
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Austrobaileyales is the sister clade to? |
Euangiosperms |
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Most ancient living clade within the Euangiosperms? |
Magnoliids |
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Magnoliales |
Clade within Magnoliids Trees or shrubs that have large, robust, bisexual flowers which have many parts that are arranged in spirals. |
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Examples of Magnoliids |
Magnoliaceae - Magnolias Calycanthaceae - Sweet Shrub Lauraceae - Spicebush & Sassafras |
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Piperales |
Clade within Magnoliids Ex. Black Pepper |
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Aristolochiaceae |
Smaller clade within Piperales "Birthworts" Examples - Dutchman's Pipe & Canada Ginger |
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Monocotyledones are within the clade? |
Euangiosperms |
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Monocots diverged form the __________ clades more 120 million years ago. |
Dicot |
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Specialized families within the Monocotyledones: |
Grasses Lilies Irises Orchids |
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Ancestors of the Monocots may have been similar to the ancestor of which group? |
Aristolochiaceae - "Birthworts" |
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Eudicotyledones are within? |
The Euangiosperms - Their ancestor is under investigation |
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The great majority of living species of Flowering Plants are? |
Eudicots |
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Monocots: |
-Stems have an atactostele -Flower parts occur in threes -Pollen is monoaperturate (has 1 pore/furrow) -1 Cotyledon -Parallel leaf venation -Complex arrangement of primary vascular bundles in stems -Rarely have a true secondary growth with vascular cambium |
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Eudicots: |
-Stems have a eustele -Flower parts occur in fours or fives -Pollen is triaperturate (has 3 pores/furrows) -Primary vascular bundles in stem are arranged in a ring -Commonly have true secondary growth with vascular cambium |
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The Gymnosperms that gave rise to Flowering Plants were? |
Woody - which means that the 1st Flowering Plants were probably woody as well - At least, they were fast growing shrubs - However, a fossil from China was an herb that appears to have grown in shallow water - So, we are either wrong or we have yet to find fossils |
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Angiosperms originated as: |
Quick-growing shrubs/herbs that inhabited the margins of stream & bodies of fresh water in dry uplands where the conditions for preserving fossils were poor.
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Fossils of early Angiosperms show characteristics: |
That make them resistant to drought and cool Many are deciduous |
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Earliest habitats from which we get Angiosperm fossils are: |
Places where streams or floods disturbed the soil and fast-growing shrubs/herbs could not become established |
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Which characteristics make Angiosperms advantageous in areas where the vegetation is severely disturbed and soil is churned by large animals? |
Fast growth Short life cycle |
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1st 15 million years of Angiosperm history produced more structural & developmental innovations than the previous 230 million years of Seed Plant evolution - Why? |
Coevolution between Flowering Plants & Insects |
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Duplication of the entire genome |
Polyploidy |
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Discovered evidence of widespread _____________ in the immature ancestors of Flowering Plants. |
Polyploidy |
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1st Angiosperms had a: |
Redundant genome - Had a set of genes that were not constrained to perform any necessary biological funtion |
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Redundant genes provided? |
The raw material for evolutionary variation & gave them enhanced potential for biochemical & structural innovations. |
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Dominant phase of the life cycle of Flowering Plants? |
Sporophyte |
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Flowering Plant sporophyte growth form: |
Is very diverse: Include shrubs, herbs, vines, trees Varies in size Are the most widely distributed |
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Duckweeds |
Less than 0.1'' across |
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Australian Gum Trees |
300+ ft tall & 60 ft in circumference |
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What allowed Flowering Plants to occupy virtually every habitat extreme? |
-Vegetative plasticity -Diversity of flower structures -Physiological efficiency provided by vessel elements in the xylem & sieve tube elements in the phloem |
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Flowering Plants leaves are? |
Megaphylls |
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What are heterosporous & produce 2 types of spores? |
Flowering Plants Microspores & Megaspores |
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Where are microspores & megaspores produced? |
Both are within highly specialized structures known as FLOWERS |
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What does a flower consist of? |
Receptacle that bears clusters of highly modified leaves |
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A modified short stem |
Receptacle |
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What is a tightly compressed branch that has been highly specialized to produce seed? |
A Flower |
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What is the principle source of information which is useful in systematics and why? |
The flower because of the diversity in structure |
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A typical flower has how many concentrically arranged sets of parts? |
Four |
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Each set of flower parts is attached to the receptacle in a? |
Whorl |
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Parts of a typical flower: |
Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels |
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The shapes of flowers have been produced by? |
The fusion of parts |
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Where can fusion of flower parts occur? |
Between members of the same whorl or between members of adjacent whorls |
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What helps flowers maintain their stiff formal shape? |
Fusion of parts |
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Flowers must retain their precise shape to conform to? |
Their particular pollinating agent - Particularly if the agent is an animal |
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Outermost whorl |
Sepals |
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Name is Latin for "separate" |
Sepals |
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Most "leaf-like" part of the flower |
Sepals |
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In most species, this flower part is green & photosynthetic |
Sepals |
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Protect the spore-producing parts of the flower from herbivores |
Sepals |
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Have stiff hairs on their surface to discourage herbivores |
Sepals |
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Trichomes |
Stiff hairs on the surface of sepals |
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In most Angiosperms, every sepal is supplied by how many vascular traces? |
Three - Also common pattern in leaves |
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The equivalents of reduced foliar leaves (bracts) that commonly subtend flowers |
Sepals
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In some taxa, sepals may be showy. However, the flower may be lacking in other parts. What are the absent parts? |
The petals |
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All the sepals as a whole are referred to as? |
The calyx - Greek for husk or envelope |
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Protects the developing flower? |
The bud forming calyx |
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When does the calyx divide into sepals? |
When all the inner flower parts are ready to emerge |
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Whorl just inside the sepals |
Petals |
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Latin for "metal plate" or "blade" |
Petals |
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Leaf-like in construction |
Petals |
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May also have trichomes that appear on the upper surface |
Petals |
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Adapted to attract pollinators |
Petals |
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Largest & showiest parts |
Petals |
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How do petals attract pollinators? |
-By producing sugar-rich nectar, often it tubes or spurs -By producing a fragrance |
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Have either three vascular traces or one vascular trace |
Petals |
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Petals with three traces most likely derived from? |
Sepals |
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Petals with one trace most likely derived from? |
Stamens |
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All the petals together |
Corolla - Latin for "little crown" |
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The corolla's shape may be: |
Actinomorphic (star-shaped, radially symmetric) Zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric) |
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Indistinguishable sepals and petals |
Tepals |
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The calyx and corolla together |
Perianth |
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Non-spore producing parts of the flower |
Perianth |
