Manner Of Articulation

Front 1

Stops

Back 1

Complete closure of oral cavity or at the glottis.

Hint 1

MOA

Front 2

Fricatives

Back 2

Continuous airflow through the mouth and the vocal tract is very narrow. (Part of continuants)

Consonants where articulator is so narrow that the airflow becomes turbulent.

Hint 2

MOA

Front 3

Affricates

Back 3

Slow release from place of articulation.

Stop then a fricative

Hint 3

MOA

Front 4

Stridents / sibilant

Back 4

Noisier fricatives and affricates. ( [a] [z] etc )

Front 5

Lateral approximant

Back 5

Air escapes through the mouth along the lowered side of the tongue.

Hint 5

[l]

Front 6

Glide (MOA)

Back 6

Non-syllabic segment, [j] and [w]

High vowels pretending they're consonants.

Hint 6

Part of a approximat

Front 7

Studies the vocal tract and what is does to make various sounds

Back 7

Articulatory phonetics

Front 8

Studies the physical properties of sound waves and how they're different for various sounds.

Back 8

Acoustic phonetics

Front 9

Studies how listeners perceive various sounds (usually related to acoustic phonetics)

Back 9

Perceptual phonetics

Front 10

The standard writing system used by a language community

Back 10

Orthography

Front 11

Guideline principles for the IPA:

Back 11

One sound = one symbol. Use letters of the Roman alphabet whenever possible. Major sounds have symbols, minor modifications of sounds have diacritics on symbols

Front 12

Small mark placed above, below, or next to an IPA symbol to represent a slight modification to the sound it usually represent.

Back 12

Diacritic

Front 13

Narrow transcription

Back 13

Captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and ignores as few details as possible.

Front 14

Broad transcription

Back 14

Ignores as many details as possible capturing only enough aspects of a pronunciation to be able to tell the difference between the meaning of the words of that language.

Front 15

Job of the Velum (soft palate)

Back 15

Sit there and get hit by the tongue body [k], [g]. Lower to allow air out through the nose or raise to block it. (During speech it's usually raised)

Front 16

Lips

Back 16

Labia-labial

Front 17

Teeth

Back 17

Dental

Front 18

Alveolar ridge

Back 18

Alveolar

Front 19

Hard palate

Back 19

Palatal

Front 20

Soft palate

Back 20

Velum-velar

Front 21

Uvula

Back 21

Uvular

Front 22

Upper throat

Back 22

Pharynx-pharyngeal

Front 23

Tongue tip

Back 23

Apex-apical

Front 24

Tongue blade

Back 24

Lamina-laminal

Front 25

tongue body

Back 25

Dorsum-dorsal

Front 26

Tongue root

Back 26

Radix-radical

Front 27

Voicebox

Back 27

Larynx-laryngeal

Front 28

What does the larynx houses?

Back 28

Vocal folds and the space between the vocal folds is called the glottis

Front 29

Describe English vowels

Back 29

Vowels are made by the tongue body (dorsum) moving in the region around the hard palate (palatial), soft palate (velum) and the pharynx (upper throat).

Front 30

Tense vowels are :

Back 30

A little higher, longer in English and are higher in the vowel boxes for front and back columns for the high and mid lines.

Front 31

Place of articulation

Back 31

Where in the vocal tract the constriction and what articulator made it. (Alveolar, retroflex)

Front 32

Manner of articulation

Back 32

How the airstream is obstructed

Front 33

Voicing

Back 33

Whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating

Front 34

Oral stop or plosive

Back 34

Airflow is cut off from the mouth and nose.

Front 35

Nasal stop

Back 35

Airflow through the mouth is cut off but not the nose.

Front 36

Postalveolar (POA)

Back 36

Construction is made just behind the alveolar ridge, usually by the tongue blade.

Hint 36

"Tch", "dge"

Front 37

Retroflex (POA)

Back 37

Constriction is made by the curling of the tongue tip backwards

Hint 37

Rrrr

Front 38

Palatal (POA)

Back 38

Constriction is made by the tongue body (as in vowels) at the hard palate.

Hint 38

[j]

Front 39

Liquide

Back 39

L and r part of approximants

Front 40

Interdental

Back 40

Constriction is made by the tongue body against the upper teeth

Hint 40

Th

Front 41

Oral stop

Back 41

Airflow is cut off from the mouth and nose.

Front 42

Velar

Back 42

Constriction is made by the tongue body at the soft palate

Hint 42

[k], [g]

Front 43

Alveolar (POA)

Back 43

Constriction is made by the tongue tip (or blade) at the alveolar ridge .

Hint 43

[t], [d], [s], [z]

Front 44

Bilabial (POA)

Back 44

Constriction is made with both lips.

Hint 44

[p], [b], [m]

Front 45

Labiodental

Back 45

Constriction is made with the lower lip and upper teeth.

Hint 45

[f], [v]

Front 46

Stressed syllables are...

Back 46

Louder, longer, higher pitched

Front 47

The size o the pressure difference a wave causes is called ...

Back 47

Amplitude

Front 48

How many times a wave repeats itself in a second is called ...

Back 48

Frequency

Front 49

Onset phrase

Back 49

The tongue tip is approaching the alveolar ridge

Front 50

Medial phase

Back 50

The tongue tip is touching the alveolar ridge, for stops it's often called the closure

Front 51

Offset phase

Back 51

The tongue tip is moving away from the alveolar ridge, for stops its often called the release.

Front 52

Voice onset time (VOT)

Back 52

The amount of time between the release of the constriction and the onset of vocal fold vidration.

Front 53

Aspirated plosive

Back 53

A plosive (oral stop) followed by a short puff of air before voicing begins for the following sound.

Front 54

Frequency response curve

Back 54

A graph showing for each frequency how much a tube would vibrate if you gave it a vibration of the frequency.

Front 55

F1

Back 55

First formant (preferred resonating frequencies of a tube) determined by height of the tongue body. High F1=low tongue body [a]. Low F1=high tongue body [i],[u]

Front 56

F2

Back 56

Second formant, determined by the backness of the tongue (low F2=back tongue body [o], [u], [a]). (high F2= front tongue body [i], [e])

Front 57

F3

Back 57

Formant 3 is associated with rounding. Low F3= rounded High F3= unrounded

Front 58

Why are unreleased consonants hard to hear?

Back 58

1) no release burst in an unreleased stop. 2) there is no following vowel at the end of a phrase to distort. 3) less audible distortion of the end of the preceding vowel if the vowel overlap is a tap.

Front 59

Why is it hard for listeners to hear the POA of a final stop that is unreleased?

Back 59

1)No release of burst. 2) no distortion at the start of the following vowel because it's the end of the word.

Front 60

The lowest-frequency simple wave (or lowest of the favourite resonating frequency of a tube) is called:

Back 60

The fundamental frequency (F0)

Front 61

The amount of time (as measured in milliseconds) between when a stop is released and when the vocal folds start to vibrate.

Back 61

Voice onset time

Front 62

Where in a word will English voiceless stops be aspirated?

Back 62

1) At the beginning of a word. 2) at the beginning of a stressed syllable

Front 63

What happens to an approximant that fallows an aspirated consonant in English?

Back 63

It will be voiceless

Front 64

What's the difference between a formant and a harmonic?

Back 64

Harmonics depend on the vibration of the vocal folds and the change with the pitch of the voice. Formants depends on the resonance filter of the mouth and only change be deforming the tube or changing its lengths.

Front 65

Why does a French /p/ sound more like an English /b/ than like an English /p/ ?

Back 65

Because a French /p/ are unaspirated which is more similar to a voiced English /b/ (voice onset time)

Hint 65

Unaspirated p,t,k are usually more similar to voiced b, d, g than to aspirated p, t, k.

Front 66

Where do taps occur ?

Back 66

Between vowels as long as the second one is unstressed (can replace a fast /t/ or /d/ in the same environment )

Front 67

Name all active articulators

Back 67

Lower lip=labial, tongue tip=apical, tongue blade=laminal, tongue body=dorsal, tongue root=radical

Front 68

Name all active articulators

Back 68

Lower lip=labial, tongue tip=apical, tongue blade=laminal, tongue body=dorsal, tongue root=radical

Front 69

Name all passive articulators

Back 69

Labial, dental, alveolar, past alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal.

Front 70

Name all constriction degrees

Back 70

Stop, fricative, approximant, affricate, thrill, tap, flap.

Front 71

What are the 7 questions needed to describe a consonant ?

Back 71

1) active articulator?

2) passive articulator?

3) construction degree?

4) lateral?

5) nasal?

6) phonation?

7) airstream mechanism?

Front 72

How does the air move (airstream mechanism)

Back 72

Pulmonic (lungs), ejective (pushed by larynx), implosive (pulled by larynx) , click ( partial vacuum pulls)

Front 73

Double articulation

Back 73

Two constrictions of equal construction degree

Front 74

Double articulation

Back 74

Two constrictions of equal construction degree

Front 75

Secondary articulation

Back 75

An approximant constriction simultaneous with a narrower constriction

Front 76

Why can a dark [l] be a double articulator?

Back 76

Can have two simultaneous approximants or a secondary articulator (velarization) .

Front 77

The full name of an airstream mechanism tells you...?

Back 77

1) which part of anatomy is involved in getting the air moving

2) which direction the airstream ends up moving.

Front 78

Clicks=?

Back 78

Velaric ingressive , air is being pulled inward and is has something to do with the velum

Front 79

Clicks=?

Back 79

Velaric ingressive , air is being pulled inward and is has something to do with the velum

Front 80

What is the main think distinguishing different clicks?

Back 80

It is where the forward constriction is and how it's released

Front 81

What makes the plosives sound different from each other?

Back 81

1) release burst

2) formant transitions

Front 82

Why do children who haven't mastered "upside down r" replace it with [w] ?

Back 82

Like its like a vowel but with slow F3

Front 83

How a nasal and [l] spectrograms similar to voiced and sonorant vowels?

Back 83

They are voiced and sonorant like vowels but not as loud (wimpy vowels)

Front 84

What are the 2 articulatory differences between tense and lax vowels?

Back 84

1) tongue body position, tense is higher vertically, more forward horizontally and further away from schwa

2) tongue root position, tense is more advanced, lax is more retracted

Front 85

Supersegmentals are..?

Back 85

Phonetic properties (stress, length, tone, intonation) that extend for longer than one segment (or involve a comparison of one segment to another).

Front 86

Reasons for stress

Back 86

1) boundary marking

2) more contrast

Front 87

Register tone

Back 87

A tone where the pitch stays level throughout the vowel

Front 88

Register tone

Back 88

A tone where the pitch stays level throughout the vowel

Front 89

A tone where the pitch changes during the vowel

Back 89

Contour tone

Front 90

Focus accent

Back 90

An intonation accent that goes on the focus of a sentence in English

Front 91

Intonation

Back 91

Meaningful pitch contours produced over an entire phrase or sentence.

Front 92

Why can we get away with [j] and [w] in a broad transcription?

Back 92

The exact height of the end-point of a diphthong isn't contrastive in English.