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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The behavior of liars has always been studies experimentally where?
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In the laboratory
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Most people think that increased fidgeting and decreased eye contact is what?
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Proof that someone is lying
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The first aim of the study was to determine what?
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If there is any association or systematic behavioral indicators to distinguish between those who are lying and those who are telling the truth.
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The second aim of the study is to determine what?
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If cognitive load causes changes in behavior relevant to lying or telling the truth.
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What was the research method of this study? (Research Method)
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The research method was a quasi-experiment
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What is a quasi-experiment? (Research Method)
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Where the independent variable is not directly manipulated by the experimenter
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What was the participant group of this study? (Participant Group)
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The participant group included an opportunity sample of 16 police suspects (13 males and 3 females). These suspects included 4 juveniles (three 13 year-olds and 1 15 year-old) and 12 adults (under 65). 15 were Caucasian (English as a first language) and 1 Asian (Punjab first; fluent in English)
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How many police suspects were there total in this study? (Participant Group)
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16 police suspects
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How many of the police suspects were male? (Participant Group)
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13 males
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How many of the police suspects were females? (Participant Group)
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3 females
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How many of these police suspects were juveniles? (Participant Group)
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4 juveniles
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How many of the juveniles were 13 years old? (Participant Group)
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3 thirteen year-olds
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How many of the juveniles were 15? (Participant Group)
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1 fifteen year-old
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How many of these police suspects were adults? (Participant Group)
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12 Adults
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What age were all of the adults under? (Participant Group)
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Under the age of 65
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How many of the police suspects were Caucasian? (Participant Group)
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15 were Caucasian (English first language)
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How many of the police suspects were Asian? (Participant Group)
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1 was Asian (fluent in English though)
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What were the crime the police suspects were being interviewed for? (Participant Group)
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-Theft (9)
-Arson (2) -Attempted Rape -Murder (4) |
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How many police suspects were being interviewed for Theft? (Participant Group)
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9 police suspects were being interviewed for committing theft
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How many police suspects were being interviewed for Arson? (Participant Group)
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2 police suspects were being interviewed for committing arson
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How many police suspects were being interviewed for Attempted Rape? (Participant Group)
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1 police suspect was being interviewed for committing attempted rape
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How many police suspects were being interviewed for committing Murder? (Participant Group)
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4 police suspects were being interviewed for committing murder
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Researchers asked police detectives at Kent County, UK PD to what? (Participant Group)
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Collect videotaped interviews in which they were involved and where the suspect had lied at first, then told the truth.
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Police found tapes where suspects did what? (Participant Group)
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Lied but later told the truth (64 video clips)
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How many video clips were there where police suspects lied but later told the truth? (Participant Group)
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64 Video clips
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What was the independent variable of this study? (Research Method)
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Whether the police suspects was lying or telling the truth
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Independent observers had to what? (Research Method)
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Control and manipulate this in the collection of data.
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How did observers collect data from this study? (Data Collection Process)
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By watching an hour-long video, consisting of clips of 16 suspects telling truths and lies. They were then asked to analyze the content by producing quantitative data, which was often numerical, to simply detection of trends and to remove subjectivity.
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What were the observers asked to do? (Data Collection Process)
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Analyze the content by producing quantitative data, which was often numerical, to simply detection of trends and to remove subjectivity.
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What type of data was collected? (Data collected)
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Quantitative data
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How long was the videotape consisting of the 16 police suspects? (Data collected)
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An hour-long
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The truths that were displayed were also comparable to what? (Data collected)
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The lies that the suspects made
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The truth about their name was not comparable to what? (Data collected)
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A response to them committing murder
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What was the total amount of clips? (Data collected)
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There was a total amount of 65 video clips
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How many of the video clips were truthful? (Data collected)
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27
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How many of the video clips were lies? (Data collected)
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38
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Observers, not the suspects, were instructed to do what? (Procedure)
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Code the one hour video footage, also called content analysis
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The observers asked to analyze and record quantitative, numerical data to remove subjectivity and what? (Procedure)
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Increase detection of trends
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They were not told the hypothesis or the nature of the clips, to enhance what? (Procedure)
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Ignorance and deception?
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Once they coded the behaviors, they transformed into a what? (Procedure)
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Manageable format so that the truths and the lies could easily be compared
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The results of the observers decoding the data was what? (Procedure)
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One truth-telling score and one lie telling score for each behavior of each participant
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Two observers were asked to independently code what? (Procedure)
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Behavior
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After all of this collection of data, what test was used? (Procedure)
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A Pearson correlation statistical test was used
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A Pearson correlation statistical test was used to assess what? (Procedure)
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Inter-rater reliability and provide evidence of strong consistency between the two coders
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Was there a significant difference between the two coders? (Procedure)
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No
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What were the behaviors recorded? (Results)
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1.)Gaze aversion
2.)Blinking 3.)Head movements 4.)Speech disturbances 5.)Pauses 6.)Hand & arm movements (these were originally coded individually) 7.)Self-manipulations 8.)Illustrators 9.)Hand-finger movements |
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How many categories were there for the behavior results? (Results)
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There were 6 categories for the behavioral results
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Noticeable differences were found between which movements? (Results)
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The hand and arm movements
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What did the deceptive group do? (Results)
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The deceptive group paused longer and blinked less
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Because they did not measure nor manipulate cognitive load and nervousness in this study, all conclusions are what? (Conclusion)
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All conclusion are speculative
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This gives some support for what kind of process? (Conclusion)
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Cognitive load process
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What were the controls in this lab experiment? (Strength)
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The controls of the variables
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What kind of reliability is a strength of this study? (Strength)
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Inter-rater reliability
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Why the specific behaviors a strength? (Strength)
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They were identified and measured
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What kind of data other than quantitative data is a strength of this study? (Strength)
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Reliable data
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The sample was not what? (Strength)
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Manipulated by the experimenters
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The small sample may not be what?
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Representative
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The sample could have been originally responding to what?
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Demand characteristics
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Is the ecological validity of this study high or low?
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Low
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There is no sure way to distinguish between what?
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Nervousness and cognitive load
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What ethical issues are involved in this study?
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Informed Consent and Deception
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Who were the researchers of this study?
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Samantha Mann; Aldert Vrij; Ray Bull
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What perspective of Psychology does this study fall under?
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Cognitive
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