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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Abolitionism:
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William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) White American Abolitionist, editor of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, believed in “immediate emancipation” and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. He also promoted women’s suffrage. Garrison helped spread more “radical” ideas among whites in the north. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was an escaped slave who brought the truths of slavery to whites by writing his autobiography “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave” (1845) and other works. He also became a speaker. Overall, these two men helped to spread antislavery ideals among whites in the north.
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Manifest Destiny
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the belief that America had the right/needed to expand all the way to the pacific ocean. “From sea to shining sea”. This justified expansion and “conquering” the natives who already inhabited the land. It inspired westward colonization and expansion. Making it the biggest America possible, including the Mexican territory.
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The Mexican War and The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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(1846-1848) America wanted Texas for the land to complete manifest destiny, probably other reasons. Mexico believed that Texas belonged to them, despite the 1836 Texas revolution. It was one of the US’s early “conquests” of another territory. Expanding as a new nation. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) US gets 55% of Mexico’s prewar territory (including Texas) for 15 Million dollars. US buys more land, working towards fulfilling manifest destiny
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Wilmot Proviso
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Pre-Civil war: (1846) would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from the Mexican-American war. This was a very active proposal against the expansion and continuation of slavery in the west.
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Free Soil Ideology
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This ideology (1840’s-) was that slavery should not expand into new territories and that free men on free soil would be superior to slavery. Again, this was an active ideology against the expansion of slavery westward
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The Compromise of 1850
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(1850) Henry Clay proposed it.
1) CA is a new, free state, Utah/New Mexico with slavery decided by popular sovereignty 2) Slave trade abolished in DC (Slave trade, not slavery) 3) Fugitive Slave Act strengthened Demonstrated heightened conflict of interest between the North and the South. Also, it shows the tension surrounding the expansion of slavery. |
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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Best selling novel of the 19th century, second best book (behind bible). Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852, served as a viewpoint of the horrors of slavery from a slave’s perspective. Since so many people bought it, read it, and developed intense antislavery emotions towards the south, the conflict between North and South intensified.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act and “Bleeding Kansas”
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Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: “created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries” . Also, it was created to form a chance for a transcontinental railroad. Unfortunately, popular sovereignty was included in the act, so sympathizers for slavery or abolitionism flocked to the states to vote for the state’s “future”. Armed conflicts occurred.
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Caning of Sumner
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1856 Sumner made a speech about antislavery, mainly singling out a sympathizer for slavery named Andrew Butler. Butler’s relative, Brooks, beat Sumner with his cane IN senate. This depicts the intense level of tension between the North and South.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
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Dred Scott, who was born a Virginian slave, was purchased by an army major and to various places, including the free territory of Illinois (who illegalized slavery), where scott was also allowed to marry. He sued for his freedom because he was brought into a free territory. The case was, sez wikipedia: a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants[2]—whether or not they were slaves—were not protected by the Constitution and could never be citizens of the United States. Also Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery and slaves were not citizens. This demonstrates the increasing injustices against slaves, but also made the attempts at clearing areas of slavery seem illegitimate.
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John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry
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, 1869
Brown, a radical abolitionist, led an attack on a southern arsenal and attempted to start a slave uprising. A man was killed, and Brown’s raid was quickly ended by citizens. He was tried for treason and hanged. This was one of the early armed conflicts between North and South for the sake of abolitionism; it paved the way to the civil war. |
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The Election of 1860 and Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was representative of the North’s interests (Republican) and he ran against Southern Democrat John Breckinridge. Lincoln was elected without one southern state’s say-so. The South feared that their interests would be completely overlooked and that the north would be the only party with a voice, so many southern states (starting with South Carolina) began to consider secession.
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Fort Sumter
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1861: First conflict between North and South, near Charleston, SC. Started the Civil War. The South won the conflict and captured the Fort, sparking confidence to carry on with their secession.
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Bull Run
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First major battle of the civil war, brought the reality of casualties to both sides’ eyes. North tries to claim South’s capital of Richmond. Stonewall Jackson gets his nickname, South holds ground.
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Antietam
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1862 FIRST Civil War battle to happen on Northern Soil (Maryland). 23,000 casualties, bloodiest one day in American history. Lee withdraws back to Virginia. Wikipedia says that the victory gave Lincoln enough confidence to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
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1862 Lincoln declares freedom of slaves in confederate states if they did not return to the union. He’s layin’ down the Lincoln Law. Notice: loyal states to the Union were not put under the Proclamation’s rule.
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Massachusetts 54th
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First black regiment, did not actually see battle for a while. Headed by Robert Gould Shaw. Blacks were sharing in military activity, and were also being used by the North for fighting.
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Vicksburg
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1863 US Grant drives Pemberton’s army to defensive lines. Union troops surrounded Vicksburg, which was low on supplies, and starved them into surrender thus gaining control of the Mississippi river. This was very important/strateigic because the North could now regulate many supplies to the south.
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Gettysburg
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1863 Lee’s invasion of the North ends, and the bloodiest battle in American history ensues. Lee retreats to Virginia. While both sides endured heavy losses, it marked the turning point of the war, in favor of the north
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Spanish-American War and US Acquisitions
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- Conflict in 1898
- Lasted four months - US attempted to dispatch Spanish colonial outposts in South Africa and Caribbeans. - Mainly fought over the Cuban conflict. - Resulted in the Treaty of Paris December10, 1898 -> US gained control over Cuba, PR, Guam and the Philippines - US gained islands around the Pacific and the modern naval force to defend them |
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The Philippine War and Emilio Aguinaldo
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- 1899-1902 (officially began in June 2, 1899 ended July 4, 1902)
- Caused from the Philippines’ revolt for independence o Philippines continued to fight for their independence since the Spanish-American war - Philippines suffered heavy casualties that it changed the cultural landscape. - Aguinaldo (1869-1964) o A Filipino general and a politician o Played a key role in fighting for independence throughout the Spanish-American war and The Philippine War. o Eventually pledged allegiance to the US o Considered as the first president of the Philippines |
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The Open Door Policy
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- Initiated 1899
- Concept in foreign affairs (mainly involved China after the acquisition of the Philippine islands.) - Stated that all European nations and the US could trade with China o US commercial interest was threatened by European nations - It was a period of time when China opened its doors to foreign affairs o However, economic tension over mining rights, railroad rights etc existed among European nations and the US. |
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Boxer Rebellion
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o Chinese (Qing Dynasty) rebellion towards western influence between 1898 and 1901
o Boxers: term that was used to call the Chinese rebellion groups. (“Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists” o Attacked mission compounds across northern China o Ended up badly. Gained sever punishments which weakened the Qing Dynasty greatly |
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Transcontinental Railroad
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o Gilded Age
o Linked the Western US with Eastern o Built by Chinese/Irish Immigrants o Low wages (only a couple a dollars a day) o Dangerous work in harsh conditions (e.g. snowstorms/explosion malfunctions) o After the railroad was completed, thousands of workers were unemployed o with growing hate of immigrants/ harsh job market it was very hard to find employment o Amplified the low rates immigrants were willing to work for/the willingness Elite’s willingness to better themselves and the nation at the expense of laborers |
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“Ghost Dance” and Wounded Knee
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o 1890s
o Native Americans believed that if they performed the Ghost Dance, then the predicted extermination of the white race would be expedited o Whites though that Sioux medicine man, Sitting Bull, was one of the tribal leaders o Whites ended up killing Sitting Bull o Sioux fled to Wounded Knee Creek where 200 were killed by whites o Symbolized the whites brining an end to the once-great Native Americans and the relentless oppression the Indians faced at the hands of the whites |
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The Dawes Act
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o 1887
o Issued to break up tribal bonds o Did not give reservation lands, gave private property o Destroyed Native American communal practices o Encouraged independent farming o Ratified even though Native Americans opposed it o Not all Native American land was allotted to Native Americans, much of it was auctioned off to whites o 20 years after Dawes Act was issued, Native Americans had lost 60% of their land o Native Americans lost of resources/cultural identity |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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o 1882
o Banned Chinese Immigration o Prohibited Chinese immigrant already in the US from becoming citizens o Reflected growing fear of unemployment in US (Whites did not want their jobs to be taken by immigrants o 40 years after ratification, Chinese population in US declined by 40% o Symbolized the oppression that immigrants faced at the hands of bitter, impoverished whites during the scathing times of the Gilded Age |
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Titans of Industry:
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• Carnegie
o Philanthropist o Rags to riches o Invested in steel (was able to be made cheaply through the newly invented Bessemer Process) • Rockefeller o World’s leading philanthropist (500 million) o Vertical integration (ran oil company and the supply of oil) o Rags to riches o Monopoly on oil (Formed Standard Oil) o Bought out many competitors o Was able to set his prices very low, as to wipe out competition o Could charge whatever he wanted (after running competition out of business • Morgan o Investment banker o NOT rags to riches (dad was a banker also) o Bought out Carnegie steel/ merged it with railroad industry o Like other investment bankers, became involved in the operation of his companies • Led to emphasis on making money rather than technological innovation o Became connected with government by lending gold to President Grover Cleveland during the Panic of 1893 • All Three o Epitomized the unequal distribution of wealth, corporations’ involvement/influence in politics |
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AFL
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o One of the first federation of labor unions in US
o Founded by Samuel Gompers o Agreed with capitalism o In 1880s, Accepted women, immigrants, and blacks o By 1890s composed mostly of skilled white men o Amazingly influential: organized a huge strike (protesting the 10 hour workday) in 1886 • 350,000 railroad workers from New York, to Chicago, and Detroit |
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RR Strike of 1877
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o Panic of 1873 caused employers to cut wages
o Working conditions were poor o Started in West Virginia, eventually spreading to Chicago, Philadelphia, Maryland and a variety of other places o Strikers eventually became violent • Strikers burned Union Depot in Pittsburgh o As a result, both workers and employers witnessed the potential power strikes possessed • Better organized unions/more strikes • Some states enacted conspiracy statues/others consolidated militias |
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Haymarket Strike
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o Haymarket Square in Chicago
o Workers strike for 8 hour workday o Peaceful at first but then a man through a bomb at a police officer o Police opened fire, killing some and injuring many o People associated with the formation of the rally were executed o Setback for American Labor rights and fight from the 8 hour workday • Strikers no longer seen as innocuous • Strikers feared future consequences |
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Homestead Strike
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o Carnegie lowered wages/broke up labor unions
o Crushed by Carnegie’s private army o Carnegie factory re-opened with strike breakers working o Carnegie was able to crush powerful Unions (In this case the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers) – No more interferences for a while |
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Pullman Strike
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o Workers lived in Pullman’s communities (made nice railcars)
o Pullman cut wages of workers, but kept the cost of living in his communities the same o Workers suffering o Eugene Debs (Populist Activist) urges boycott of railcars o Workers strike then arrested by army o Debs said a labor movement could not exist with a government bowing down to the privileged class |
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Farmers’ Alliances
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o National Farmers’ Alliance
o Farmers became poor from sharecropping/other countries had begun to produce cotton (excess cotton in world market) o Farmers could not pay back banks loans o Alliance forms and organizes the sub-treasury plan • Farmers get to store goods in warehouses until bad market passed) • Federal government would give loans at low interest (unlike bankers/merchants) o National Colored Farmers’ Alliance o Populists tried to unite black/white farmers on a common political/economic program o Unity didn’t work b/c whites owned land/blacks labored o Blacks formed colored farmers’ alliance o Tried to organize a strike of cotton pickers, but was suppressed by landowner who did not want to pay higher wages to their workers • Symbolized the small influence blacks had |
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Populism
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o Spoke for all “producing classes” (Farmers, Coal Miners, Industrial Workers)
o Appealed to the Knights of Labor o Protested using private police forces against strikers o Against corporations’ power o For individuals’ power o Wanted to lessen power of democratic party in the South o Populist Platform o Written by Ignatius Donnelly o Said nation was ruined b/c of political corruption and economic inequality o Pushed to restore democracy and economic stability • Senators should be directly elected • Graduated income tax • Allow workers to form labor unions |
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Election of 1892
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o Democrat Grover Cleveland wins against Republican Benjamin Harrison
o Election centered around the issue of a second currency o Cleveland pushed for gold as the nation’s standard currency, not silver why? o Amazing that James Weaver (populist candidate) was able to garner so many votes (1 million) as a third party candidate o Proved how strong the populist movement was becoming |
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Panic of 1893
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o Economic Depression caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing
o Caused a series of bank failures o Cotton and wheat prices fell o Lots of strikes took placing including Coxey’s Army o Gold Reserves in US Treasury fell dangerously low • Grover Cleveland borrowed gold from JP Morgan (connecting corporations with politics) o Economic Depression caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing o Caused a series of bank failures o Cotton and wheat prices fell o Lots of strikes took placing including Coxey’s Army o Gold Reserves in US Treasury fell dangerously low • Grover Cleveland borrowed gold from JP Morgan (connecting corporations with politics) o Democrats and Populists lost by a significant margin in the 1894 elections o Coxey’s Army o Led by Jacob Coxey (Populist) o Marched to Washington DC to demand a public works program o Were clubbed/arrested o Illustrated the risks even non-violent strikers had to take during the turbulent Gilded Age |
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William Jennings Bryan
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• democratic candidate for 1896 election
• Great Speaker • “Silver Democrat” (Favored free silver) |
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“Free Silver”:
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• Supported by Westerners/Farmers
• Unlimited coinage of silver • Lead to: faster repayment of debts/stimulated economy • Occurred during heart of the Gilded Age |
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Election of 1896:
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• McKinley (civil war vet) vs. Bryan
• McKinley made Bryan out to be a radical, willing to risk the nation’s well-being and get many fired • Mckinley raised loads of money from businesses who opposed democrat’s populist- like policies that gave more power to the public (not corporations) • McKinley wins • Occurred during heart of the Gilded Age |
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Haymarket Strike
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o Haymarket Square in Chicago
o Workers strike for 8 hour workday o Peaceful at first but then a man through a bomb at a police officer o Police opened fire, killing some and injuring many o People associated with the formation of the rally were executed o Setback for American Labor rights and fight from the 8 hour workday • Strikers no longer seen as innocuous • Strikers feared future consequences |
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Homestead Strike
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o Carnegie lowered wages/broke up labor unions
o Crushed by Carnegie’s private army o Carnegie factory re-opened with strike breakers working o Carnegie was able to crush powerful Unions (In this case the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers) – No more interferences for a while |
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Pullman Strike
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o Workers lived in Pullman’s communities (made nice railcars)
o Pullman cut wages of workers, but kept the cost of living in his communities the same o Workers suffering o Eugene Debs (Populist Activist) urges boycott of railcars o Workers strike then arrested by army o Debs said a labor movement could not exist with a government bowing down to the privileged class |
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Farmers’ Alliances
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o National Farmers’ Alliance
o Farmers became poor from sharecropping/other countries had begun to produce cotton (excess cotton in world market) o Farmers could not pay back banks loans o Alliance forms and organizes the sub-treasury plan • Farmers get to store goods in warehouses until bad market passed) • Federal government would give loans at low interest (unlike bankers/merchants) o National Colored Farmers’ Alliance o Populists tried to unite black/white farmers on a common political/economic program o Unity didn’t work b/c whites owned land/blacks labored o Blacks formed colored farmers’ alliance o Tried to organize a strike of cotton pickers, but was suppressed by landowner who did not want to pay higher wages to their workers • Symbolized the small influence blacks had |
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Populism
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o Spoke for all “producing classes” (Farmers, Coal Miners, Industrial Workers)
o Appealed to the Knights of Labor o Protested using private police forces against strikers o Against corporations’ power o For individuals’ power o Wanted to lessen power of democratic party in the South o Populist Platform o Written by Ignatius Donnelly o Said nation was ruined b/c of political corruption and economic inequality o Pushed to restore democracy and economic stability • Senators should be directly elected • Graduated income tax • Allow workers to form labor unions |
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Election of 1892
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o Democrat Grover Cleveland wins against Republican Benjamin Harrison
o Election centered around the issue of a second currency o Cleveland pushed for gold as the nation’s standard currency, not silver why? o Amazing that James Weaver (populist candidate) was able to garner so many votes (1 million) as a third party candidate o Proved how strong the populist movement was becoming |
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Panic of 1893
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o Economic Depression caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing
o Caused a series of bank failures o Cotton and wheat prices fell o Lots of strikes took placing including Coxey’s Army o Gold Reserves in US Treasury fell dangerously low • Grover Cleveland borrowed gold from JP Morgan (connecting corporations with politics) o Economic Depression caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing o Caused a series of bank failures o Cotton and wheat prices fell o Lots of strikes took placing including Coxey’s Army o Gold Reserves in US Treasury fell dangerously low • Grover Cleveland borrowed gold from JP Morgan (connecting corporations with politics) o Democrats and Populists lost by a significant margin in the 1894 elections o Coxey’s Army o Led by Jacob Coxey (Populist) o Marched to Washington DC to demand a public works program o Were clubbed/arrested o Illustrated the risks even non-violent strikers had to take during the turbulent Gilded Age |
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William Jennings Bryan
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• democratic candidate for 1896 election
• Great Speaker • “Silver Democrat” (Favored free silver) |
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“Free Silver”:
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• Supported by Westerners/Farmers
• Unlimited coinage of silver • Lead to: faster repayment of debts/stimulated economy • Occurred during heart of the Gilded Age |
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Election of 1896:
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• McKinley (civil war vet) vs. Bryan
• McKinley made Bryan out to be a radical, willing to risk the nation’s well-being and get many fired • Mckinley raised loads of money from businesses who opposed democrat’s populist- like policies that gave more power to the public (not corporations) • McKinley wins • Occurred during heart of the Gilded Age |
