Manhattan - Strategy Supplement

Front 1

abate (v)

(e'beit)

Back 1

(formal) to become less strong; to make sth less strong:
reduce or diminish
e.g. The storm showed no signs of abating
e.g. Steps are to be taken to abate pollution
= nachlassen
= abklingen
= schwächen
= mildern

Front 2

abatement (n)

Back 2

= Nachlass
= Ermässigung
= Rabatt
= Verringerung
= ...

Front 3

aberration (n)

Back 3

(formal) a fact, an action or a way of behaving that is not usual, and that may be unacceptable

SYN = anomaly

= Abweichung
= Ausreisser
= Abnormal
= Verirrung

Front 4

acclaim (v) / (n)

(e'kleim)

Back 4

verb:

[usually passive] acclaim sb/sth (as sth) to praise or welcome sb/sth publicly:
e.g. a highly / widely acclaimed performance
e.g. The work was acclaimed as a masterpiece
= bejubeln
= applaudieren
= begrüssen
= Beifall spenden

noun:

praise and approval for sb/sth, especially an artistic achievement:
e.g. international / popular / critical acclaim
= Beifall
= Zustimmung

Front 5

accord vs. discord

Back 5

accord = agreement

discord = disagreement

Front 6

acquisitive (adj)

(e'kwisetif)

Back 6

(formal, disapproving) wanting very much to buy or get new possessions
= habgierig
= erwerbssüchtig
= auf Gewinn ausgerichtet

noun = acquisitiveness
= Habgier
= Gewinnsucht

Front 7

ad-lib (v)

Back 7

(-bb-) to say sth in a speech or a performance that you have not prepared or practised
SYN = to improvise
e.g. She abandoned her script and began ad-libbing
e.g. I lost my notes and had to ad-lib the whole speech

Front 8

adhere to sth (v)

Back 8

(formal) to stick firmly to sth:
e.g. Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria adhere to the surface of the red cells
= festhalten
= haften
= kleben
= festsaugen

Front 9

adherent (n)

(ad'hirent)

Back 9

(formal) a person who supports a political party or set of ideas
SYN = supporter

= Anhänger

Front 10

advent (n)

Back 10

1) [sing.] the ~ of sth/sb the coming of an important event, person, invention, etc.:
e.g. the advent of new technology
= Eintritt
= Ankunft

2) Advent [U] the period of four weeks before Christmas in the Christian religion

Front 11

adverse (adj)

Back 11

[usually before noun] negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result:
e.g. adverse change / circumstances / weather conditions
e.g. Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research programme
= nachteilig
= ungünstig
= negativ

Front 12

ambivalent (adj)

(am'biwelent)

Back 12

ambivalent (about / towards sb/sth) having or showing both good and bad feelings about sb/sth:
e.g. She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job
e.g. He has an ambivalent attitude towards her
= zwiespältig
= doppeldeutig
= unentschlossen
= wanting to do two contradictory things at once

Front 13

annihilate (v)

(e'naieleit)

Back 13

1) to destroy sb/sth completely:
e.g. The human race has enough weapons to annihilate itself
= zerstören
= vernichten

2) to defeat sb/sth completely:
e.g. She annihilated her opponent, who failed to win a single game
= besiegen
= zerstören

Front 14

annul (v)

(e'nall)

Back 14

(-ll-) [vn] to state officially that sth is no longer legally valid:
e.g. Their marriage was annulled after just six months

= annulieren

noun = annulment

Front 15

anoint (v)

Back 15

anoint sb/sth (with sth) to put oil or water on sb’s head as part of a religious ceremony:
e.g. The priest anointed her with oil

= salben
= einölen
= einreiben

Front 16

antithetical (adj)

(anti'fetikel)

Back 16

= entgegengesetzt
= totally opposed to
= opposite

e.g. the crimes of our chairman are totally antithetical to what the Society for Ethical Leadership stands for

Front 17

arbiter (n)

('aarbiter)

Back 17

arbiter (of sth) a person with the power or influence to make judgements and decide what will be done or accepted:
e.g. The law is the final arbiter of what is considered obscene
e.g. an arbiter of taste / style / fashion
= Vermittler
= Schiedsrichter

Front 18

archaic (adj)

(ar'keik)

Back 18

1) old and no longer used:
e.g. ‘Thou art’ is an archaic form of ‘you are’.

2) very old-fashioned
SYN = outdated
e.g. The system is archaic and unfair and needs changing

3) from a much earlier or ancient period of history:
e.g. archaic art

Front 19

aristocracy (n)

Back 19

(pl. -ies) (in some countries) people born in the highest social class, who have special titles
SYN = nobility
e.g. members of the aristocracy

Front 20

assimilation (n)

Back 20

1) the act of assimilating sb or sth, or being assimilated:
e.g. the rapid assimilation of new ideas
e.g. his assimilation into the community
= Anpassung
= Aufnahme
= Angleichung

2) (phonetics) the act of making two sounds in speech that are next to each other more similar to each other in certain ways, for example the pronunciation of the /t/ in football as a /p/ ; an example of this

Front 21

backfire (v)

Back 21

1) backfire (on sb) to have the opposite effect to the one intended, with bad or dangerous results:
e.g. Unfortunately the plan backfired
= fehlschlagen
= nach hinten losgehen
= ins Auge gehen

2) (of an engine or a vehicle) to make a sudden noise like an explosion

Front 22

baldly (adv)

Back 22

in a few words with nothing extra or unnecessary:
e.g. ‘You’re lying,’ he said baldly

= geradeheraus
= unverblümt

Front 23

belie (v)

(be'lai)

Back 23

1) to give a false impression of sb/sth:
e.g. Her energy and youthful good looks belie her 65 years

2) to show that sth cannot be true or correct:
e.g. Government claims that there is no poverty are belied by the number of homeless people on the streets

--> contradict or misinterpret

Front 24

benevolent (adj)

(be'newelent)

Back 24

1) (formal) (especially of people in authority) kind, helpful and generous:
e.g. a benevolent smile / attitude
e.g. belief in the existence of a benevolent god
= gutmütig
= wohlwollend

OPP = malevolent

2) used in the names of some organizations that give help and money to people in need:
e.g. the RAF Benevolent Fund

Front 25

benign (adj)

(bi'nain)

Back 25

1) (formal) (of people) kind and gentle; not hurting anybody
= liebevoll
= gütig

2) (medical) (of tumours growing in the body) not dangerous or likely to cause death
= harmlos
= gutartig

OPP = malignant

Front 26

blight (v) / (n)

Back 26

verb:

to spoil or damage sth, especially by causing a lot of problems:
e.g. His career has been blighted by injuries
e.g. an area blighted by unemployment
= vernichten
= verderben

noun:

1) any disease that kills plants, especially crops:
e.g. potato blight
= Zerstörung
= Fäule

2) blight (on sb/sth) something that has a bad effect on a situation, a person’s life or the environment:
e.g. His death cast a blight on the whole of that year
e.g. urban blight (= areas in a city that are ugly or not cared for well)

Front 27

blunt (adj) / (v)

('blant)

Back 27

adjective:

1) without a sharp edge or point:
e.g. a blunt knife
= stumpf
OPP = sharp

2) (of a person or remark) very direct; saying exactly what you think without trying to be polite:
e.g. She has a reputation for blunt speaking
= offen
= sehr deutlich

verb:

1) to make sth weaker or less effective:
e.g. Age hadn’t blunted his passion for adventure

2) to make a point or an edge less sharp

Front 28

blur (v)

('blör)

Back 28

= unklar machen
= verwischen

Front 29

bogus (adj)

('bouges)

Back 29

pretending to be real or genuine
SYN = false
e.g. a bogus doctor / contract
e.g. bogus claims of injury by workers

Front 30

brook (v)

('brok)

Back 30

not brook sth / brook no … (formal) to not allow sth:
e.g. The tone in his voice brooked no argument
= dulden
= tolerieren

Front 31

Let bygones be byonges

Back 31

meaning:

let the past go, especially by forgiving someone

Front 32

Let bygones be byonges

Back 32

meaning:

let the past go, especially by forgiving someone

Front 33

bygone (adj)

('baigon)

Back 33

[only before noun] happening or existing a long time ago:
e.g. a bygone age / era

= vergangen
= längst vergangen

e.g. bygone days = vergangene Tage

e.g. bygone times = vergangene Zeiten

Front 34

chancy (adj)

Back 34

(informal) involving risks and uncertainty

SYN = risky

Front 35

clamor (v) / (n)

('klemer)

Back 35

verb:

1) clamour (for sth) (formal) to demand sth loudly:
e.g. People began to clamour for his resignation
e.g. Everyone was clamouring to know how much they would get
e.g. ‘Play with us!’ the children clamoured
= lautstark fordern

2) (of many people) to shout loudly, especially in a confused way
= schreien
= toben

noun:

1) a loud noise especially one that is made by a lot of people or animals:
e.g. the clamour of the market
= Geschrei
= Lärm

2) clamour (for sth) a demand for sth made by a lot of people:
e.g. The clamour for her resignation grew louder
= lautstarke Forderung
= lautstarker Protest

Front 36

cloak (n) / (v)

('klouk)

Back 36

noun:

1) a type of coat that has no sleeves, fastens at the neck and hangs loosely from the shoulders, worn especially in the past
= Umhang
= Mantel

2) [sing.] (literary) a thing that hides or covers sb/sth:
e.g. They left under the cloak of darkness
= Deckmantel

verb:

--> to cover or conceal

1) cloak sth (in sth) [often passive] (literary) to cover or hide sth:
e.g. The hills were cloaked in thick mist
e.g. The meeting was cloaked in mystery
= verdecken
= verhüllen

Front 37

coalesce (v)

(ko'les)

Back 37

coalesce (into / with sth) (formal) to come together to form one larger group, substance, etc.
SYN = to amalgamate
e.g. The puddles had coalesced into a small stream
e.g. While at first, everyone on the team was jockeying for power and recognition, eventually, the group COALESCED and everyone was happy to share credit for a job well-done
= verschmelzen
= zusammenwachsen
= sich verbinden

Front 38

coercion (n)

(ko'erschen)

Back 38

(formal) the action of making sb do sth that they do not want to do, using force or threatening to use force:
e.g. He claimed he had only acted under coercion
= Zwang
= Nötigung

Front 39

coexistence (n)

Back 39

the state of being together in the same place at the same time:
e.g. to live in uneasy / peaceful coexistence within one nation

Front 40

cogent (adj)

('koudschnt)

Back 40

(formal) strongly and clearly expressed in a way that influences what people believe
SYN = convincing
e.g. She put forward some cogent reasons for abandoning the plan
= überzeugend
= klar, logisch

Front 41

cognitive (adj)

Back 41

[usually before noun] connected with mental processes of understanding:
e.g. a child’s cognitive development
e.g. cognitive psychology

Front 42

collude (v)

(ko'luud)

Back 42

collude (with sb) (in sth / in doing sth) | collude (with sb) (to do sth) (formal, disapproving) to work together secretly or illegally in order to trick other people:
e.g. Several people had colluded in the murder
e.g. They colluded with terrorists to overthrow the government
= geheim/illegal zusammenspannen
= geheim/illegal kooperieren

noun = collusion
= geheime/illegale Absprache (z.B. Preisabsprache)

Front 43

condone (v)

(kon'doun)

Back 43

to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious:
e.g. Terrorism can never be condoned
= billigen
= dulden
= vergeben, verzeihen

Front 44

confer (-rr-) (v)

(kon'för)

Back 44

1) confer (with sb) (on / about sth) to discuss sth with sb, in order to exchange opinions or get advice:
e.g. He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision
= sich besprechen
= sich austauschen
= sich unterhalten

2) confer sth (on / upon sb) to give sb an award, a university degree or a particular honour or right:
e.g. An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2001
= erteilen
= verleihen

Front 45

contemplative (adj) (formal)

(ken'templetif)

Back 45

1) thinking quietly and seriously about sth:
e.g. She was in contemplative mood
= nachdenklich
= grüblerisch

2) spending time thinking deeply about religious matters:
e.g. the contemplative life (= life in a religious community

Front 46

contentious (adj)

(kon'tentsches)

Back 46

1) likely to cause disagreement between people:
e.g. a contentious issue / topic / subject
e.g. Both views are highly contentious
= umstritten
= kontrovers
= provokativ
OPP = uncontentious

2) liking to argue; involving a lot of arguing:
e.g. a contentious meeting

Front 47

contextualize (v) (formal)

Back 47

(formal) to consider sth in relation to the situation in which it happens or exists

Front 48

contract (v)

Back 48

1) opposite of expand

2) get/aquire (e.g. to contract a disease or a debt)

3) to make a contract (e.g. to contract an agreement)

Front 49

conversely (adv)

Back 49

(formal) in a way that is the opposite or reverse of sth:
e.g. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid

= umgekehrt

Front 50

convoluted (adj)

('konwelutid)

Back 50

1) extremely complicated and difficult to follow:
e.g. a convoluted argument / explanation
e.g. a book with a convoluted plot
= kompliziert
= verschachelt

2) (formal) having many twists or curves:
e.g. a convoluted coastline

Front 51

copious (adj)

('koupies)

Back 51

in large amounts
SYN = abundant
e.g. copious (= large) amounts of water
e.g. I took copious notes
e.g. She supports her theory with copious evidence

= reichlich
= ausgiebig
= umfangreich

Front 52

corroborate (v)

Back 52

[often passive] (formal) to provide evidence or information that supports a statement, theory, etc.
SYN = to confirm
e.g. The evidence was corroborated by two independent witnesses
e.g. corroborating evidence

= bestätigen
= untermauern
= bekräftigen

Front 53

countenance (v)

Back 53

(formal) to support sth or agree to sth happening
SYN = to consent to
e.g. The committee refused to countenance his proposals
= zustimmen
= billigen
= unterstützen
= tolerieren

Front 54

counterpoint (n)

Back 54

= Kontrapunkt

= (formal) a pleasing or interesting contrast:

Front 55

curtail (v)

(kör'teil)

Back 55

(formal) to limit sth or make it last for a shorter time:
e.g. Spending on books has been severely curtailed
e.g. The lecture was curtailed by the fire alarm going off
= beschränken
= kürzen
= drosseln

Front 56

debase (v)

Back 56

to make sb/sth less valuable or respected
SYN = to devalue
e.g. Sport is being debased by commercial sponsorship
= verschlechtern
= entwürdigen
= etwas an Wert vermindern

Front 57

debilitate (v)

(di'biliteit)

Back 57

1) to make sb’s body or mind weaker:
e.g. a debilitating disease
= schwächen
= entkräften

2) to make a country, an organization, etc. weaker:
e.g. Prolonged strike action debilitated the industry
= schwächen
= entkräften

Front 58

debunk (v)

(di'bank)

Back 58

to show that an idea, a belief, etc. is false; to show that sth is not as good as people think it is:
e.g. His theories have been debunked by recent research
= enthüllen
= entlarven
= widerlegen

Front 59

decry (v)

Back 59

decry sb/sth (as sth) (formal) to strongly criticize sb/sth, especially publicly
SYN = to condemn
e.g. The measures were decried as useless
= verwerfen
= schlecht machen

Front 60

deem (v)

('diim)

Back 60

(formal) (not usually used in the progressive tenses) to have a particular opinion about sth
SYN = to consider
e.g. The evening was deemed a great success (withous "as")
e.g. She deemed it prudent (vernünftig, klug, besonnen) not to say anything
e.g. They would take any action deemed necessary
= meinen
= glauben
= erachten
= halten für

Front 61

deflect (v)

Back 61

1) to change direction or make sth change direction, especially after hitting sth:
e.g. The ball deflected off Reid’s body into the goal
e.g. He raised his arm to try to deflect the blow
= ablenken
= ableiten

2) to succeed in preventing sth from being directed towards you
SYN = to divert
e.g. All attempts to deflect attention from his private life have failed
e.g. She sought to deflect criticism by blaming her family
= ablenken

3) deflect sb (from sth) to prevent sb from doing sth that they are determined to do:
e.g. The government will not be deflected from its commitments

Front 62

delimit (v)

(di'limit)

Back 62

(formal) to decide what the limits of sth are
= abgrenzen
= begrenzen

e.g. The role of an executive coach is delimited by our code of conduct

Front 63

denote (v)

(di'nout)

Back 63

1) to be a sign of sth
SYN = to indicate
e.g. A very high temperature often denotes a serious illness

2) to mean sth
SYN = to represent
e.g. In this example ‘X’ denotes the time taken and ‘Y’ denotes the distance covered
e.g. The red triangle denotes danger
e.g. Here ‘family’ denotes mother, father and children

Front 64

deride (v)

(di'raiid)

Back 64

[often passive] deride sb/sth (as sth) (formal) to treat sb/sth as ridiculous and not worth considering seriously
SYN = to mock
e.g. His views were derided as old-fashioned
= verspotten
= belächeln

Front 65

discount (v)

Back 65

1) discount sth (as sth) (formal) to think or say that sth is not important or not true
SYN = to dismiss
e.g. We cannot discount the possibility of further strikes
e.g. The news reports were being discounted as propaganda
= abtun
= ignorieren

2) to take an amount of money off the usual cost of sth; to sell sth at a discount
SYN = to reduce
e.g. discounted prices / fares

Front 66

discrete (di'skriit)

vs.

discreet (di'skriit)

(adj)

Back 66

discrete:

(formal or technical) independent of other things of the same type
SYN = separate
e.g. The organisms can be divided into discrete categories

discreet:
careful in what you say or do, in order to keep sth secret or to avoid causing embarrassment or difficulty for sb
SYN = tactful
e.g. He was always very discreet about his love affairs
e.g. You ought to make a few discreet enquiries before you sign anything

Front 67

disparate (adj)

(dis'peret)

Back 67

1) made up of parts or people that are very different from each other:
e.g. a disparate group of individuals
= ungleich
= verschiedenartig

2) (of two or more things) so different from each other that they cannot be compared or cannot work together
= grundverschieden

Front 68

disperse (v)

Back 68

1) to move apart and go away in different directions; to make sb/sth do this:
e.g. The fog began to disperse
e.g. The crowd dispersed quickly

2) to spread or to make sth spread over a wide area
SYN = to scatter
e.g. The seeds are dispersed by the wind

Front 69

scatter (v)

Back 69

1) scatter sth (on / over / around sth) | scatter sth (with sth) to throw or drop things in different directions so that they cover an area of ground:
e.g. Scatter the grass seed over the lawn
e.g. Scatter the lawn with grass seed
e.g. They scattered his ashes at sea

2) to move or to make people or animals move very quickly in different directions
SYN = to disperse
e.g. At the first gunshot, the crowd scattered
e.g. The explosion scattered a flock of birds roosting in the trees

Front 70

disseminate (v)

(di'semineit)

Back 70

(formal) to spread information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people:
e.g. Their findings have been widely disseminated
= verbreiten
= verteilen
= ausbreiten

Front 71

divest (v)

(dai'west)

Back 71

1) divest sb / yourself of sth to remove clothes:
e.g. He divested himself of his jacket
= ausziehen
= entblössen

2) divest yourself of sth to get rid of sth:
e.g. The company is divesting itself of some of its assets
= desinvestieren
= veräussern
= liquidieren

3) divest sb/sth of sth to take sth away from sb/sth:
e.g. After her illness she was divested of much of her responsibility

Front 72

dubious (adj)

Back 72

1) doubtful

2) questionable

3) suspect

Front 73

eminent (adj)

('eminent)

Back 73

1) (of people) famous and respected, especially in a particular profession:
e.g. an eminent architect
= berühmt
= angesehen

2) (of good qualities) unusual; excellent:
e.g. a man of eminent good sense
= ausgezeichnet
= hervorragend

Front 74

emphasize

Back 74

Hint:

The MAIN IDEA of an ENTIRE PASSAGE is never just to emphasize something

Front 75

emulate (v)

('emjuleit)

Back 75

1) (formal) to try to do sth as well as sb else because you admire them:
e.g. She hopes to emulate her sister’s sporting achievements
= nachahmen
= nachbilden
= nachstreben

2) (computing) (of a computer program, etc.) to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the same tasks

Front 76

enigma (n)

(i'nigma)

Back 76

a person, thing or situation that is mysterious and difficult to understand
SYN = mystery
SYN = puzzle

= Rätsel

Front 77

enjoy (v)

Back 77

1) to receive pleasure from

2) to benefit from
e.g. the college has long enjoyed the support of wealthy alumni

Front 78

ensure vs. insure (v)

Back 78

ensure =

gewährleisten, garantieren, sicherstellen

insure =

versichern

Front 79

enumerate (v)

Back 79

(formal) to name things on a list one by one;
count or list

= aufzählen
= einzeln benennen

Front 80

equitable (adj)

Back 80

(formal) fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way

SYN = fair, equal, just

OPP = inequitable

Front 81

erratic (adj)

(i'rätic)

Back 81

(often disapproving) not happening at regular times; not following any plan or regular pattern; that you cannot rely on
SYN = unpredictable
e.g. The electricity supply here is quite erratic
e.g. She had learnt to live with his sudden changes of mood and erratic behaviour

--> inconsistent, wandering, having no fixed course

= unregelmässig
= sprunghaft
= unberechenbar
= launenhaft

Front 82

erroneous (adj)

(i'rounies)

Back 82

(formal) not correct; based on wrong information:

e.g. erroneous conclusions / assumptions

= fehlerhaft
= irrtümlich
= falsch

Front 83

erstwhile (adj)

('örstwail)

Back 83

[only before noun] (formal) former; that until recently was the type of person or thing described but is not any more:
e.g. an erstwhile opponent
e.g. His erstwhile friends turned against him

= ehemalig
= einst
= ehemals
= frühere
= vormalig

Front 84

exacerbate (v)

(ix'sasebeit)

Back 84

(formal) to make sth worse, especially a disease or problem

SYN = to aggravate

e.g. The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs

= verschlimmern
= erschweren

Front 85

exacting (adj)

(ix'sekting)

Back 85

needing or demanding a lot of effort and care about details

SYN = demanding

e.g. exacting work
e.g. products designed to meet the exacting standards of today’s marketplace
e.g. He was an exacting man to work for

= anspruchsvoll

Front 86

exhaustive (adj)

Back 86

including everything possible; very thorough or complete:

e.g. exhaustive research / tests
e.g. This list is not intended to be exhaustive

= vollständig

Front 87

expedient (adj)

Back 87

[not usually before noun] (of an action) useful or necessary for a particular purpose, but not always fair or right:
e.g. The government has clearly decided that a cut in interest rates would be politically expedient

= nützlich
= zweckmässig
= ratsam
= vorteilhaft

OPP = inexpedient

Front 88

extraneous (adj)

(ix'strenies)

Back 88

extraneous (to sth) (formal) not directly connected with the particular situation you are in or the subject you are dealing with

SYN = irrelevant

e.g. We do not want any extraneous information on the page
e.g. We shall ignore factors extraneous to the problem

Front 89

extrapolate (v)

(ix'strapeleit)

Back 89

extrapolate (sth) (from / to sth) (formal) to estimate sth or form an opinion about sth, using the facts that you have now and that are valid for one situation and supposing that they will be valid for the new one:
e.g. The figures were obtained by extrapolating from past trends
e.g. We have extrapolated these results from research done in other countries

= etwas ableiten
= von etwas auf etwas schliessen

Front 90

fathom (v)

('fadem)

Back 90

fathom sb/sth (out) to understand or find an explanation for sth:
e.g. It is hard to fathom the pain felt at the death of a child
e.g. He couldn’t fathom out what the man could possibly mean

= begreifen
= ergründen
= verstehen

Front 91

fishy (adj)

('fischi)

Back 91

1) (informal) that makes you suspicious because it seems dishonest
SYN = suspicious
e.g. There’s something fishy going on here
= zweifelhaft
= verdächtig

2) smelling or tasting like a fish:
e.g. What’s that fishy smell?

Front 92

fledgling (adj)

Back 92

1) a young bird that has just learnt to fly

2) (usually before another noun) a person, an organization or a system that is new and without experience:
e.g. fledgling democracies

Front 93

foreshadow (v)

Back 93

(formal) to be a sign of sth that will happen in the future

Front 94

forestall (v)

Back 94

to prevent sth from happening or sb from doing sth by doing sth first:
e.g. Try to anticipate what your child will do and forestall problems
= vorwegnehmen
= verhindern

Front 95

glacial (adj)

('gleischl)

Back 95

1) [usually before noun] (geology) connected with the Ice Age:
e.g. the glacial period (= the time when much of the northern half of the world was covered by ice)

2) (technical) caused or made by glaciers; connected with glaciers:
e.g. a glacial landscape
e.g. glacial deposits / erosion

3) (formal) very cold; like ice
SYN = icy
e.g. glacial winds / temperatures

4) (formal) (used about people) cold and unfriendly; not showing feelings
SYN = icy
e.g. Her expression was glacial
e.g. Relations between the two countries had always been glacial


2)

Front 96

guesswork (n)

Back 96

the process of trying to find an answer by guessing when you do not have enough information to be sure:

e.g. It was pure guesswork on our part

= Spekulation
= Mutmassung
= Vermutung

Front 97

guile (n)

('gaail)

Back 97

(formal) the use of clever but dishonest behaviour in order to trick people

SYN = deceit

= Arglist
= Cleverness
= Durchtriebenheit

Front 98

hallmark (n)

('holmark)

Back 98

1) a feature or quality that is typical of sb/sth:
e.g. Police said the explosion bore all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack

2) a mark put on gold, silver and platinum objects that shows the quality of the metal and gives information about when and where the object was made

Front 99

hegemony (n)

(hi'tschemeni)

Back 99

(pl. -ies) (formal) control by one country, organization, etc. over other countries, etc. within a particular group

= Herrschaft
= Vorherrschaft

Front 100

host of sb/sth

Back 100

a large number of people or things:
e.g. a host of possibilities

Front 101

hyperbole (n)

(hai'pöbeli)

Back 101

a way of speaking or writing that makes sth sound better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really is

SYN = exaggeration

= Übertreibung

Front 102

imminent (adj)

('iminent)

Back 102

(especially of sth unpleasant) likely to happen very soon:
e.g. the imminent threat of invasion
e.g. The system is in imminent danger of collapse
e.g. An announcement about his resignation is imminent

= bevorstehend
= drohend
= kommend

eminent = berühmt, angesehen

Front 103

impartial (adj)

Back 103

not supporting one person or group more than another

SYN = neutral

SYN = unbiased

e.g. an impartial inquiry / observer
e.g. to give impartial advice
e.g. As chairman, I must remain impartial

= unparteiisch
= neutral
= objektiv
= unabhängig

OPP = partial

Front 104

impasse (n)

('eempaas)

Back 104

[usually sing.] a difficult situation in which no progress can be made because the people involved cannot agree what to do
SYN = deadlock
e.g. to break / end the impasse
e.g. Negotiations have reached an impasse

= Sackgasse
= ausweglose Situation
= völliger Stillstand

Front 105

impede (v)

Back 105

[often passive] (formal) to delay or stop the progress of sth

SYN hinder, hamper:

SYN = to hinder

SYN = to hamper

Front 106

impinge (on / upon sth/sb)

Back 106

impinge (on / upon sth/sb) (formal) to have a noticeable effect on sth/sb, especially a bad one
SYN = to encroach
e.g. He never allowed his work to impinge on his private life

= beeinflussen
= einwirken (auf)

noun = impingement
= Übergriff (auf)

Front 107

implode (v)

Back 107

1) to burst or explode and collapse into the centre

2) (of an organization, a system, etc.) to fail suddenly and completely

Front 108

impute (v)

Back 108

impute sth to sb/sth

(formal) to say, often unfairly, that sb is responsible for sth or has a particular quality
SYN = to attribute

= unterstellen
= zurechnen
= zuschreiben

e.g. he made sure that all successes were imputed to him, and all of the failures were imputed to others

Front 109

inadvertently (adj)

Back 109

by accident; without intending to

SYN = unintentionally

e.g. We had inadvertently left without paying the bill

= versehentlich
= unbeabsichtigterweise

Front 110

inasmuch as

Back 110

(formal) used to add a comment on sth that you have just said and to say in what way it is true:

e.g. He was a very unusual musician inasmuch as he was totally deaf

= since, because

Front 111

incidentally (adj)

Back 111

= not intentionally

= accidentally

Front 112

inconsequential (adj)

(inkonsi'kwentschel)

Back 112

not important or worth considering
SYN = trivial

e.g. inconsequential details
e.g. inconsequential chatter

OPP = consequential

Front 113

incinerate (v)

Back 113

[often passive] to burn sth until it is completely destroyed

= verbrennen
= einäschern

Front 114

indeterminate (adj)

Back 114

that cannot be identified easily or exactly:

e.g. She was a tall woman of indeterminate age

= unbestimmt
= unklar
= ungewiss

Front 115

induce (v)

Back 115

1) (formal) to persuade or influence sb to do sth:
e.g. Nothing would induce me to take the job
= dazu bringen
= veranlassen

2) (formal) to cause sth:
e.g. drugs which induce sleep
e.g. a drug-induced coma
= verursachen
= hervorrufen
= auslösen

3) (medical) to make a woman start giving birth to her baby by giving her special drugs:
e.g. an induced labour
e.g. We’ll have to induce her

Front 116

inert (adj)

Back 116

1) (formal) without power to move or act:
e.g. He lay inert with half-closed eyes
= träge
= faul
= inaktiv

2) (chemistry) without active chemical or other properties (= characteristics)

Front 117

inevitable (adj)

Back 117

= unausweichlich

SYN = unavoidable

Front 118

infer (v)

Back 118

Conclude from evidence or premises.

Remember:

On the GMAT, INFER means DRAW A DEFINITELY TRUE CONCLUSION.

It does NOT mean assume!

Front 119

ingenuity

(insche'njueti)

Back 119

the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways

SYN = inventiveness

= Einfallsreichtum
= Genialität
= Geschicklichkeit

Front 120

ingrained (adj)

Back 120

1) ingrained (in sb/sth) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change
SYN = deep-rooted
e.g. ingrained prejudices (=Vorurteile)
= eingefleischt
= tief eingewurzelt

2) (of dirt) under the surface of sth and therefore difficult to get rid of

Front 121

inherent (adj)

Back 121

inherent (in sb/sth) that is a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed

SYN = intrinsic

e.g. the difficulties inherent in a study of this type
e.g. Violence is inherent in our society

Front 122

inordinate (adj)

Back 122

(formal) far more than is usual or expected

SYN = excessive

= übermässig
= übertrieben

Front 123

insular (adj)

('insjuler)

Back 123

1) (disapproving) only interested in your own country, ideas, etc. and not in those from outside:
e.g. The British are often accused of being insular
= engstirnig

2) (technical) connected with an island or islands:
e.g. the coastal and insular areas

Front 124

intractable (adj)

Back 124

(formal) (of a problem or a person) very difficult to deal with

= unlösbar
= harnäckig
= widerspenstig

OPP = tractable

Front 125

intrepid (adj)

(in'trepid)

Back 125

(formal, often humorous) very brave; not afraid of danger or difficulties

SYN = fearless

e.g. an intrepid explorer

= kühn
= mutig
= furchtlos

Front 126

inundate (v)

('inandeit)

Back 126

1) inundate sb (with sth) to give or send sb so many things that they cannot deal with them all
SYN = to overwhelm
SYN = to swamp
e.g. We have been inundated with offers of help

2) (formal) to cover an area of land with a large amount of water
SYN = to flood

Front 127

invaluable (adj)

Back 127

invaluable (to / for sb/sth) | invaluable (in sth) extremely useful
SYN = valuable
SYN = priceless
e.g. invaluable information
e.g. The book will be invaluable for students in higher education
e.g. The research should prove invaluable in the study of children’s language

HINT:
Invaluable means ‘very valuable or useful’. The opposite of valuable is valueless or worthless.

Front 128

jettison (v)

('tschetisn)

Back 128

1) to throw sth out of a moving plane or ship to make it lighter:
e.g. to jettison fuel

2) to get rid of sth/sb that you no longer need or want
SYN = to discard
e.g. He was jettisoned as team coach after the defeat

3) to reject an idea, belief, plan, etc. that you no longer think is useful or likely to be successful
SYN = to abandon

Front 129

juncture (n)

Back 129

(formal) a particular point or stage in an activity or a series of events:

e.g. The battle had reached a crucial juncture
e.g. At this juncture, I would like to make an important announcement

Front 130

juxtapose (v)

(tschagsta'pous)

Back 130

[usually passive] juxtapose A and / with B (formal) to put people or things together, especially in order to show a contrast or a new relationship between them:
e.g. In the exhibition, abstract paintings are juxtaposed with shocking photographs
= nebeneinanderstellen
= gegenüberstellen

HINT:
If a RC answer choice says sth like "juxtapose two theories", ask yourself if the main purpose of the entire passage was to COMPARE two theories (--> probably not. Usually if an author introduces two competing ideas, only one of them turns out to be the main point of the passage)

Front 131

kinetic (adj)

Back 131

(technical) of or produced by movement:

e.g. kinetic energy

Front 132

latent (adj)

('leitnt)

Back 132

existing, but not yet very noticeable, active or well developed:

e.g. latent disease
e.g. These children have a huge reserve of latent talent

= verborgen
= ruhend

--> s.a. "dormant"

Front 133

lateral (adj)

Back 133

(technical) connected with the side of sth or with movement to the side:
e.g. the lateral branches of a tree
e.g. lateral eye movements

= seitlich
= quer

Front 134

layperson (n)

Back 134

= Laie

(also 'lay person) (pl. lay people or lay·persons) a layman or laywoman:

e.g. The layperson cannot really understand mental illness

Front 135

makeshift (adj)

Back 135

used temporarily for a particular purpose because the real thing is not available

SYN = provisional
SYN = improvised

e.g. A few cushions formed a makeshift bed

= provisorisch
= behelfsmässig

Front 136

malleable (adj)

(mäli'ebl)

Back 136

1) (technical) (of metal, etc.) that can be hit or pressed into different shapes easily without breaking or cracking

2) (of people, ideas, etc.) easily influenced or changed

= formbar
= biegsam

Front 137

manifest (adj) / (v) / (n)

Back 137

adjective:

manifest (to sb) (in sth) | manifest (in sth) (formal) easy to see or understand
SYN = clear
e.g. His nervousness was manifest to all those present
e.g. The anger he felt is manifest in his paintings

verb:

1) manifest sth (in sth) to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality
SYN = to demonstrate
e.g. Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis

2) manifest itself (in sth) to appear or become noticeable
SYN = to appear
e.g. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later

noun:

(technical) a list of goods or passengers on a ship or an aircraft

Front 138

max out (v)

Back 138

(NAmE, informal) to reach the limit at which nothing more is possible:

e.g. The car maxed out at 150 mph
e.g. to max out your productivity
e.g. to max out your credit cards

Front 139

mores (n) (plural)

('moreis)

Back 139

[pl.] (formal) the customs and behaviour that are considered typical of a particular social group or community

SYN = conventions

= Gepflogenheiten
= Sitten
= Gebräuche

Front 140

singular = nebula (n)

plural = nebulae (n)

('nebjele)

Back 140

(astronomy) a mass of dust or gas that can be seen in the night sky, often appearing very bright; a bright area in the night sky caused by a large cloud of stars that are far away

= Nebel

Front 141

normative (adj)

('normetif)

Back 141

(formal) describing or setting standards or rules of behaviour:
e.g. a normative approach

Front 142

nostalgia (n)

('nostaldscha)

Back 142

a feeling of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when you think of happy times in the past:
e.g. a sense / wave / pang of nostalgia
e.g. She is filled with nostalgia for her own college days

= Heimweh
= Sehnsucht nach der Vergangenheit

nostalgic (adj):
e.g. nostalgic memories

Front 143

nuance (n)

('njuuans)

Back 143

a very slight difference in meaning, sound, colour or sb’s feelings that is not usually very obvious:

e.g. He watched her face intently to catch every nuance of expression

= Abstufung
= Feinheit
= Nuance

Front 144

nucleus (n)

('njuuklies)

Back 144

1) (physics) the part of an atom that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge

2) (biology) the central part of some cells, containing the genetic material

3) the central part of sth around which other parts are located or collected:
e.g. These paintings will form the nucleus of a new collection

Front 145

offhand (adj)

(of'händ)

Back 145

(disapproving) not showing much interest in sb/sth:
e.g. an offhand manner
e.g. He was very offhand with me

= kurz angebunden
= gleichgültig
= desintressiert

Front 146

oral narratives (n)

Back 146

= stories told verbally

Front 147

outstrip (v)

Back 147

1) to become larger, more important, etc. than sb/sth:
e.g. Demand is outstripping supply

2) to be faster, better or more successful than sb you are competing against
SYN = to surpass
e.g. Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals

3) to run faster than sb in a race so that you pass them

= übertreffen
= überholen

Front 148

revamp (v)

Back 148

to make changes to the form of sth, usually to improve its appearance

Front 149

paragon (n)

('paregen)

Back 149

a person who is perfect or who is a perfect example of a particular good quality:
e.g. I make no claim to be a paragon
e.g. He wasn’t the paragon of virtue she had expected

= Paradebeispiel
= Vorbild
= Musterknabe
= Muster
= Inbegriff

Front 150

partial (adj)

Back 150

1) not complete or whole:
e.g. It was only a partial solution to the problem
e.g. a partial eclipse of the sun

2) [not before noun] partial to sb/sth (old-fashioned) liking sb/sth very much:
e.g. I’m not partial to mushrooms

3) [not usually before noun] partial (towards sb/sth) (disapproving) showing or feeling too much support for one person, team, idea, etc., in a way that is unfair
SYN = biased
OPP = impartial

Front 151

impartial (adj)

Back 151

not supporting one person or group more than another

SYN = neutral
SYN = unbiased

OPP = partial

Front 152

patent (adj)

('patent)

Back 152

(formal) used to emphasize that sth bad is very clear and obvious
SYN = blatant
e.g. It was a patent lie
= offensichtlich

Front 153

peddle (v)

('pedl)

Back 153

1) to try to sell goods by going from house to house or from place to place:
e.g. He worked as a door-to-door salesman peddling cloths and brushes
e.g. to peddle illegal drugs
= (illegal) hausieren

2) to spread an idea or story in order to get people to accept it:
e.g. to peddle malicious gossip
e.g. This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the government spokesmen
= jemandem verklickern dass...

Front 154

penumbra (n)

(pe'nambra)

Back 154

1) an area of shadow which is between fully dark and fully light

2) (astronomy) the shadow made by the earth or the moon during a partial eclipse

Front 155

piggyback on sb/sth

Back 155

to use sth that already exists as a support for your own work; to use a larger organization, etc. for your own advantage

= sich stützen auf
= nutzen

piggyback (n) = a ride on sb’s back, while he or she is walking:
e.g. Give me a piggyback, Daddy!
e.g. a piggyback ride

Front 156

pilot program (n)

Back 156

= Pilotprojekt

= program planned as a test or trial

e.g. before rolling out the program nationwide, a pilot program was launched in just three cities

Front 157

plutocratic (adj)

Back 157

related to government by the wealthy

Front 158

polarize (v)

Back 158

1) to separate or make people separate into two groups with completely opposite opinions:
e.g. Public opinion has polarized on this issue
e.g. The issue has polarized public opinion

2) (physics) to make waves of light, etc. vibrate in a single direction

3) (physics) to give polarity to sth:
e.g. to polarize a magnet

Front 159

polemic (n)

(po'lemic)

Back 159

1) a speech or a piece of writing that argues very strongly for or against sth/sb

2) (also po·lem·ics [pl.]) the practice or skill of arguing strongly for or against sth/sb:
e.g. Her speech was memorable for its polemic rather than its substance

Front 160

postulate (v) / (n)

Back 160

verb:

(formal) to suggest or accept that sth is true so that it can be used as the basis for a theory, etc.
SYN = to posit
e.g. They postulated a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container

noun:

(formal) a statement that is accepted as true, that forms the basis of a theory, etc.

Front 161

pragmatic (adj)

(prag'matic)

Back 161

solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories
SYN = realistic
e.g. a pragmatic approach to management problems

Front 162

predatory (adj)

Back 162

1) (technical) (of animals) living by killing and eating other animals

2) (of people) using weaker people for their own financial or sexual advantage:
e.g. a predatory insurance salesman

Front 163

predispose (v)

Back 163

1) predispose sb to sth / to do sth to influence sb so that they are likely to think or behave in a particular way:
e.g. He believes that some people are predisposed to criminal behaviour
e.g. Her good mood predisposed her to enjoy the play

2) predispose sb to sth to make it likely that you will suffer from a particular illness:
e.g. Stress can predispose people to heart attacks

Front 164

predominant (adj)

Back 164

1) most obvious or noticeable:
e.g. a predominant feature
e.g. Yellow is the predominant colour this spring in the fashion world

2) having more power or influence than others
SYN = dominant
e.g. a predominant culture

HINT:
GMAT SC problems have tested the fact that we need to say

PREDOMINANT,

NOT predominating

Front 165

priceless (adj)

Back 165

1) extremely valuable or important:
e.g. a priceless collection of antiques
e.g. priceless information

2) (informal) extremely amusing:
e.g. You should have seen his face—it was priceless!

Front 166

pristine (adj)

('pristiin)

Back 166

1) fresh and clean, as if new
SYN = immaculate
e.g. The car is in pristine condition

2) not developed or changed in any way; left in its original condition
SYN = unspoiled
e.g. pristine, pollution-free beaches

= unberührt
= tadellos
= ursprünglich, original
= makellos
= very clean

e.g. a pristine forest = a forest that has not been touched by humans

Front 167

progeny (n) (PLURAL)

Back 167

[pl.] (formal or humorous) a person’s children; the young of animals and plants:
e.g. He was surrounded by his numerous progeny
= Nachkommen

= offspring
= descendants

Front 168

proximity (n)

Back 168

proximity (of sb/sth) (to sb/sth) (formal) the state of being near sb/sth in distance or time:
e.g. a house in the proximity of (= near) the motorway
e.g. The proximity of the college to London makes it very popular

Front 169

qualified (adj)

Back 169

1) [usually before noun] (of approval, support, etc.) limited in some way:
e.g. The plan was given only qualified support
e.g. The project was only a qualified success
= limitiert
= beschränkt
= bedingt

2) qualified (for sth) having passed the exams or completed the training that are necessary in order to do a particular job; having the experience to do a particular job:
e.g. a qualified accountant / teacher, etc.
e.g. to be highly / suitably / fully qualified
e.g. She’s extremely well qualified for the job

3) [not before noun] qualified (to do sth) having the practical knowledge or skills to do sth:
e.g. I don’t know much about it, so I don’t feel qualified to comment

Front 170

recalcitrant (adj)

(ri'kalsitschent)

Back 170

(formal) unwilling to obey rules or follow instructions; difficult to control
= widerspenstig
= störrisch
= hartnäckig
= not obedient
= resisting authority
= hard to manage

Front 171

recapitulate (v)

Back 171

(formal) (also recap) recapitulate (on sth) | recapitulate sth to repeat or give a summary of what has already been said, decided, etc.:
e.g. To recapitulate briefly, the three main points are these …

Front 172

receptive (v)

Back 172

receptive (to sth) willing to listen to or to accept new ideas or suggestions
SYN = responsive
e.g. She was always receptive TO new ideas
e.g. He gave an impressive speech to a receptive audience

Front 173

reconvene (v)

Back 173

if a meeting, parliament, etc. reconvenes or if sb reconvenes it, it meets again after a break

= wiederbeginnen
= wiedereinberufen

e.g. let's have a break and reconvene at 1 p.m.

Front 174

redress (v)

Back 174

(formal) to correct sth that is unfair or wrong
SYN = to put right
e.g. to redress an injustice (=the fact of a situation being unfair and of people not being treated equally; an unfair act or an example of unfair treatment)

Front 175

rehash (v)

Back 175

(disapproving) to arrange ideas, pieces of writing or pieces of film into a new form but without any great change or improvement:
e.g. He just rehashes songs from the 60s
e.g. we're not going to agree, so why rehash the issue?

= wiederkaufen
= wiederaufwärmen

Front 176

remedial (adj)

Back 176

1) aimed at solving a problem, especially when this involves correcting or improving sth that has been done wrong:
e.g. remedial treatment (= for a medical problem)
e.g. Remedial action must be taken now

2) connected with school students who are slower at learning than others:
e.g. remedial education
e.g. a remedial class

Front 177

remedy (n) / (v)

Back 177

1) a way of dealing with or improving an unpleasant or difficult situation
SYN = solution
e.g. There is no simple remedy for unemployment
e.g. There are a number of possible remedies to this problem

2) a treatment or medicine to cure a disease or reduce pain that is not very serious:
e.g. a herbal remedy
e.g. an excellent home remedy for sore throats

3) remedy (against sth) (law) a way of dealing with a problem, using the processes of the law
SYN = redress
e.g. Holding copyright provides the only legal remedy against unauthorized copying

verb:

to correct or improve sth
SYN = to put right
SYN = to redress
e.g. to remedy a problem
e.g. This situation is easily remedied

Front 178

reminiscent (adj)

(remi'nisnt)

Back 178

1) reminiscent of sb/sth reminding you of sb/sth:
e.g. The way he laughed was strongly reminiscent of his father

2) [only before noun] (formal) showing that you are thinking about the past, especially in a way that causes you pleasure:
e.g. a reminiscent smile

Front 179

repercussion (n)

(ripör'kaschn)

Back 179

[usually pl.] an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
SYN = consequence
e.g. The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry

Front 180

reticent (adj)

('retisnt)

Back 180

reticent (about sth) unwilling to tell people about things
SYN = reserved
SYN = uncommunicative
e.g. She was shy and reticent
e.g. He was extremely reticent about his personal life
= wortkarg
= verschwiegen
= zugeknöpft (fig.)

Front 181

rife (adj)

('raif)

Back 181

1) if sth bad or unpleasant is rife in a place, it is very common there
SYN = widespread
e.g. It is a country where corruption is rife
e.g. Rumours are rife that he is going to resign
= weit verbreitet

2) rife (with sth) full of sth bad or unpleasant:
e.g. Los Angeles is rife with gossip about the stars' private lives
= voll von

Front 182

rudimentary (adj)

(rudi'mentri)

Back 182

1) (formal) dealing with only the most basic matters or ideas
SYN = basic
e.g. They were given only rudimentary training in the job

2) (formal or technical) not highly or fully developed
SYN = basic
e.g. Some dinosaurs had only rudimentary teeth

Front 183

sanction (n) / (v)

Back 183

noun:

1) (formal) official permission or approval for an action or a change
SYN = authorization
e.g. These changes will require the sanction of the court
= Bewilligung

2) [C, usually pl.] sanction (against sb) an official order that limits trade, contact, etc. with a particular country, in order to make it do sth, such as obeying international law:
e.g. Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that refused to sign the agreement

3) sanction (against sth) a course of action that can be used, if necessary, to make people obey a law or behave in a particular way
SYN = penalty

verb:

1) (formal) to give permission for sth to take place:
e.g. The government refused to sanction a further cut in interest rates
= bewilligen
= unterstützen

2) (technical) to punish sb/sth; to impose a sanction (1) on sth
= bestrafen

Front 184

scant (adj)

('skänt)

Back 184

[only before noun] hardly any; not very much and not as much as there should be:
e.g. I paid scant attention to what she was saying
e.g. The firefighters went back into the house with scant regard for their own safety
= (zu) knapp
= (zu) wenig

Front 185

scarcely (adv)

Back 185

1) only just; almost not:
e.g. I can scarcely believe it
e.g. We scarcely ever meet
= kaum
= knapp

2) used to say that sth happens immediately after sth else happens:
e.g. He had scarcely put the phone down when the doorbell rang
e.g. Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain
= gerade erst

3) used to suggest that sth is not at all reasonable or likely:
e.g. It was scarcely an occasion for laughter
e.g. She could scarcely complain, could she?

Front 186

save (preposition)

Back 186

(also save for) (old use or formal) except sth:
e.g. They knew nothing about her save her name

= but
= except

e.g. all of the divisions of the company are profitable save the movie-rental division

Front 187

semantic (adj)

(si'mantic)

Back 187

(linguistics) connected with the meaning of words and sentences

Front 188

siphon (n) / (v)

Back 188

noun:

a tube that is used for moving liquid from one container to another, using pressure from the atmosphere
= Absaugerohr

verb:

1) to move a liquid from one container to another, using a siphon:
e.g. I siphoned the gasoline out of the car into a can
e.g. The waste liquid needs to be siphoned off
= absaugen
= entleeren

2) (informal) to remove money from one place and move it to another, especially dishonestly or illegally
SYN = to divert
e.g. She has been accused of siphoning off thousands of pounds from the company into her own bank account

Front 189

to siphon funds

Back 189

= to steal money

Front 190

sketchy (adj)

Back 190

(sketch·ier, sketch·iest) not complete or detailed and therefore not very useful
SYN = rough
e.g. He gave us a very sketchy account of his visit
e.g. sketchy notes
= oberflächlich
= unvollständig
= mangelhaft

Front 191

skirt (n) / (v)

Back 191

noun:

1) a piece of clothing for a woman or girl that hangs from the waist:
e.g. a long / short / straight / pleated, etc. skirt

2) (also skirts) [pl.] the part of a dress, coat, etc. that hangs below the waist

3) an outer covering or part used to protect the base of a vehicle or machine:
e.g. the rubber skirt around the bottom of a hovercraft

verb:

1) to be or go around the edge of sth:
e.g. They followed the road that skirted the lake

2) skirt (around / round) sth to avoid talking about a subject, especially because it is difficult or embarrassing:
e.g. He carefully skirted the issue of where they would live

Front 192

slew of (n)

Back 192

(informal, especially NAmE) a large number or amount of sth

= viel
= eine ganze Menge

Front 193

smelt (v)

Back 193

to heat and melt ore (= rock that contains metal) in order to obtain the metal it contains:
e.g. a method of smelting iron
= schmelzen

Front 194

sparing with sth (adj)

('spering)

Back 194

careful to use or give only a little of sth:
e.g. Doctors now advise only sparing use of such creams
e.g. He was always sparing with his praise
= sparsam
= schonend

Front 195

spate (n)

('speit)

Back 195

[usually sing.] spate of sth a large number of things, which are usually unpleasant, that happen suddenly within a short period of time:
e.g. The bombing was the latest in a spate of terrorist attacks
= Flut

Front 196

spearhead (n) / (v)

('spiirhäd)

Back 196

noun:

[usually sing.] a person or group that begins an activity or leads an attack against sb/sth

verb:

to begin an activity or lead an attack against sb/sth:
e.g. He is spearheading a campaign for a new stadium in the town
= anführen

Front 197

staggered (adj)

('stegerd)

Back 197

1) [not before noun] staggered (at / by sth) | staggered (to hear, learn, see, etc.) very surprised and shocked at sth you are told or at sth that happens
SYN = amazed
e.g. I was staggered at the amount of money the ring cost
= erstaunt
= verblüfft
= geschockt

2) arranged in such a way that not everything happens at the same time:
e.g. staggered working hours (= people start and finish at different times)
= gestaffelt

Front 198

stratum (n) = SINGULAR

strata (n) = PLURAL

('straatem)

Back 198

1) (geology) a layer or set of layers of rock, earth, etc.
= Erdschicht

2) (formal) a class in a society:
e.g. people from all social strata
= soziale Schicht
= Gsellschaftsschicht

Front 199

subjugate (v)

('sabtschegeit)

Back 199

[usually passive] (formal) to defeat sb/sth; to gain control over sb/sth:
e.g. a subjugated race
e.g. Her personal ambitions had been subjugated to (= considered less important than) the needs of her family
= bezwingen
= unterwerfen
= bodigen

noun = subjugation
e.g. the subjugation of Ireland by England

Front 200

enslave (v)

Back 200

1) to make sb a slave

2) enslave sb/sth (to sth) (formal) to make sb/sth completely depend on sth so that they cannot manage without it

Front 201

subvert (v)

Back 201

1) to try to destroy the authority of a political, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly
SYN = to undermine

2) to try to destroy a person’s belief in sth or sb
SYN = to undermine

Front 202

suffrage (n)

('safritsch)

Back 202

the right to vote in political elections:

e.g. universal suffrage (= the right of all adults to vote)
e.g. women’s suffrage

= Wahlrecht
= Stimmrecht

Front 203

synchronize (sth) (with sth)

('sinkrenais)

Back 203

to happen at the same time or to move at the same speed as sth; to make sth do this:
e.g. The sound track did not synchronize with the action
e.g. Let’s synchronize our watches (= make them show exactly the same time)

Front 204

table (v)

('teibl)

Back 204

1) (BrE) to present sth formally for discussion:
e.g. They have tabled a motion for debate at the next Party Conference

2) (NAmE) to leave an idea, a proposal, etc. to be discussed at a later date:
e.g. They voted to table the proposal until the following meeting
= vertagen
= etwas zurückstellen

Front 205

tardy (adj)

('taardi)

Back 205

tardy (in doing sth) (formal) slow to act, move or happen; late in happening or arriving:
e.g. The law is often tardy in reacting to changing attitudes
e.g. people who are tardy in paying their bills
e.g. (NAmE) to be tardy for school
= langsam
= verspätet

Front 206

thenceforth (also: thenceforward)

('densfoor)

Back 206

(old use or formal) starting from that time

= seitdem
= von dort an
= fortan

Front 207

thorny (adj)

('forni)

Back 207

1) [usually before noun] causing difficulty or disagreement
SYN = knotty
e.g. a thorny question / issue / problem
= schwierig
= kontrovers

Front 208

IDIOM

by the same token

Back 208

for the same reasons:

e.g. The penalty for failure will be high. But, by the same token, the rewards for success will be great.

Front 209

token (n)

('touken)

Back 209

1) a round piece of metal or plastic used instead of money to operate some machines or as a form of payment:
e.g. a parking token

2) (BrE) a piece of paper that you pay for and that sb can exchange for sth in a shop / store:
e.g. a £20 book / record / gift token

3) a piece of paper that you can collect when you buy a particular product and then exchange for sth:
e.g. Collect six tokens for a free T-shirt

4) something that is a symbol of a feeling, a fact, an event, etc.
SYN = expression
SYN = mark
e.g. Please accept this small gift as a token of our gratitude

Front 210

trajectory

(tre'tschegteri)

Back 210

(technical) the curved path of sth that has been fired, hit or thrown into the air:
e.g. a missile’s trajectory
e.g. (figurative) My career seemed to be on a downward trajectory
= Flugbahn

Front 211

transient (adj) / (n)

('transient)

Back 211

adjective:

1) continuing for only a short time
SYN = fleeting
SYN = temporary
e.g. the transient nature of speech
= vorübergehend
= kurzlebig
= flüchtig
= vergänglich

2) staying or working in a place for only a short time, before moving on:
e.g. a city with a large transient population (= of students, temporary workers, etc.)
= vorübergehend
= temporär

Front 212

transmute (sth) (into sth) (v)

(trans'mjut)

Back 212

(formal) to change, or make sth change, into sth different
SYN = to transform
e.g. It was once thought that lead could be transmuted into gold
= umwandeln
= verwandeln
= ändern

Front 213

transplant (v) / (n)

Back 213

verb:

1) transplant sth (from sb/sth) (into sb/sth) to take an organ, skin, etc. from one person, animal, part of the body, etc. and put it into or onto another:
e.g. Surgeons have successfully transplanted a liver into a four-year-old boy
e.g. Patients often reject transplanted organs

2) to move a growing plant and plant it somewhere else

3) (formal) transplant sb/sth (from … ) (to … ) to move sb/sth to a different place or environment:
e.g. Japanese production methods have been transplanted into some British factories

noun:

1) a medical operation in which a damaged organ, etc. is replaced with one from another person:
e.g. to have a heart transplant
e.g. a transplant operation
e.g. a shortage of suitable kidneys for transplant

2) an organ, etc. that is used in a transplant operation:
e.g. There is always a chance that the body will reject the transplant

--> a person who has just moved to a new state might refer to herself as a transplant from Texas

Front 214

truce (n)

('trus)

Back 214

an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting for an agreed period of time; the period of time that this lasts:
e.g. to call / break a truce
= Waffenruhe
= Waffenstillstand

Front 215

armistice (n)

('aarmistis)

Back 215

[sing.] a formal agreement during a war to stop fighting and discuss making peace
SYN = ceasefire
= Waffenstillstand
= Waffenruhe

Front 216

undergird (v)

Back 216

= untermauern
= unterstützen
= stärken

e.g. to undergrid an argument

opp = to undermine

Front 217

underpin (v)

Back 217

1) (formal) to support or form the basis of an argument, a claim, etc.:
e.g. The report is underpinned by extensive research
= untermauern
= unterstützen

2) (technical) to support a wall by putting metal, concrete, etc. under it

Front 218

unfettered (adj)

('anfeted)

Back 218

(formal) not controlled or restricted:
e.g. an unfettered free market

Front 219

untenable (adj)

(an'tenebl)

Back 219

(formal) (of a theory, position, etc.) that cannot be defended against attack or criticism:
e.g. His position had become untenable and he was forced to resign
= unhaltbar
= haltlos
= unvertretbar
= not defendable (verteidigungsfähig)

OPP = tenable

Front 220

untenable assertion (n)

Back 220

= haltlose Behauptung

Front 221

unwarranted (adj)

Back 221

(formal) not reasonable or necessary; not appropriate
SYN = unjustified
e.g. Much of the criticism was totally unwarranted

Front 222

utopian (adj)

Back 222

having a strong belief that everything can be perfect, often in a way that does not seem to be realistic or practical:
e.g. reducing homeless to zero is a utopian goal
e.g. utopian ideals
e.g. a utopian society

Front 223

wanting (adj)

Back 223

1) not having enough of sth
SYN = lacking
e.g. The students were certainly not wanting in enthusiasm

2) not good enough:
e.g. This explanation is wanting in many respects
e.g. The new system was tried and found wanting

Front 224

unparalleled (adj)

Back 224

(formal) used to emphasize that sth is bigger, better or worse than anything else like it
SYN = unequalled
e.g. It was an unparalleled opportunity to develop her career
e.g. The book has enjoyed a success unparalleled in recent publishing history

Front 225

whet (v)

Back 225

(-tt-) [vn] to increase your desire for or interest in sth:
e.g. The book will whet your appetite for more of her work
= to stimulate, make keen or eager (esp. of an appetite)

Front 226

winnow sb/sth out (of sth) (v)

('winou)

Back 226

= die Spreu vom Weizen trennen

e.g. we got 120 resumes for one job - it's going to take me awhile just to winnow this down to a reasonable stack of people we want to interview