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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why use these maneuvers?
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To enhance or bring out cardiac murmurs
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Intra-thoracic pressure during inspiration?
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Decrease
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Venous blood flow during inspiration?
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Upper increases, lower decreases
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Intra abdominal pressure during inspiration?
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Increases
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What happens during the valsalva maneuver?
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All venous return is halted.
Intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure increases significantly. |
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What happens during the supine to standing maneuvers?
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Decreases venous return, SV, CO.
Increases IHSS murmur. MVP occurs more readily. Click and murmur occur earlier. |
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What increases an IHSS murmur?
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Supine to standing.
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What happens during squatting?
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Increased venous return.
Increased Sv, CO. Increases AR due to an increased afterload. Decreased IHSS May reduce Right to Left VSD shunt. |
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Squatting increases afterload. What happens as a result of this?
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Decreases IHSS
May reduce Right to Left VSD shunt. |
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What increases peripheral vascular resistance?
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Isometric handgrip.
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What is the effect of isometric handgrip on MR?
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Increases it because of the higher afterload.
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What would happen to AS during isometric handgrip?
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Decrease, higher afterload so less blood going through.
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What happens to arterial pressure during isometric handgrip?
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It increases, as does afterload.
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What is the effect of sit-ups?
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Increases HR, SV, CO.
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How long does the valsalva maneuver take?
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12 seconds.
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What are the two phases of the valsalva maneuver?
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Strain and release.
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What happens during the strain phase of valsalva?
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Decreased venous return, SV, CO
Increased IHSS |
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What happens during the release phase of valsalva?
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Increased venous return
Increased RAP (so, PFO) Increased CO Increased BP |
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What is amyl nitrate?
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A vasodilator.
Decreases peripheral resistance and BP. |
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What does amyl nitrate do to peripheral resistance and BP?
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Decreases
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What does amyl nitrate do to venous return?
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Reduces it.
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What does amyl nitrate do to IHSS?
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Increases it.
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What does amyl nitrate do to AR and MR?
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Decreases it.
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What does blood transport?
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Oxygen
Dissolved gasses Nutrients Hormones Waste products |
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Where does oxygen delivery occur?
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Capillaries
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What color is plasma?
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Straw colored.
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What are the formed elements found in blood?
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RBC
WBC Platelets |
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What percentage of blood is plasma?
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55%
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What percentage of blood is cells?
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45%
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What percentage of plasma is water?
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90%
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In what are the formed elements suspended?
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Plasma
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What elements are suspended in plasma?
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Proteins, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, cholesterol, uric acid.
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How does plasma help in maintaining normal hydration of tissues?
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The water in plasma is freely exchangeable with that of body cells.
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What is the iron carrying protein within red blood cells?
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Hemoglobin
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Where is hemoglobin found?
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RBC.
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How is oxyhemoglobin formed?
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Hemoglobin and oxygen.
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Where does hemoglobin freely exchanged?
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Where O2 is low and CO2 is high.
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What are the normal levels of hemoglobin?
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12-16 grams per 100mL
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What is another name for RBC?
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Erythrocytes.
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Where are RBCs produced?
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Bone marrow.
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RBC membrane is permeable to what?
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water
oxygen carbon dioxide glucose |
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RBC membrane is not permeable to what?
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HGB
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What are the physical characteristics of RBC?
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Easily bent because they must pass through small vessels.
The surface area is optimized by the disc shape. |
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Another name for WBC?
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Leukocytes
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WBC makes up what percentage of the formed elements?
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1%
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What is the function of white blood cells?
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Immune and reparative function.
Source of defense against organisms Cleans up dead cells and tissue debris |
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Why is WBC count useful?
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If levels are elevated, there is likely an infection.
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What role do platelets/thrombocytes have?
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Blood coagulation.
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How do platelets cause clotting?
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Provide surface for fibrin strands to make clot firm and mediating a series of coagulation factors.
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What is hematocrit?
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Percentage of RBCs present. (45%)
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Plasmacrit?
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% plasma present.
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What is an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs?
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Polycythemia.
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What is an abnormal decrease in the nuumber of RBC?
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Anemia
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What is an abnormal increase in the number of WBCs?
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Leukocytosis
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What is an abnormal decrease inn the number of white blood cells (AIDS)?
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Leukopenia
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What is the normal range of oxygen saturation in oxygenated blood?
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95-100%
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Where do you find oxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary veins to the end of the systemic arteries.
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How saturated is deoxygenated blood?
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75%
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Where do you find deoxygenated blood?
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Systemic veins to the pulmonary arteries.
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What can alter oxygen saturation?
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Lung disease and blood disorders.
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