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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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operational definition of variables
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specifies just how a variable is measured or counted
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processes
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systematic, repetitive actions whose purpose is to create something of value
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rework
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undoing and redoing actions taken previously
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scrap
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complete adandonment of a partly completed task
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sampling
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a plausible approach to data gathering any time potentially valuable data are to be gathered by complete data would be impossible or uneconomical to gather
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experimentation
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an approach to data gathering that is a key component of the drive to improve quality of products and processes
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frequency table
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a table that specifies the distribution of the data of the frequencies in which all the various values occur
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relative frequency
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the frequency of a value divided by the total number of measurements
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qualitative data
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Data that counts the numbers or percentage in a particular category that have an attribute or characteristic. (e.g. eye color, brand preference, quality errors)
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bar chart
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A method of displaying counts of attribute data. - use rectangles to porray the data
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quantitative data
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Numerical data that measures some variable of interest - often a measurement on a continuous scale where magnitude is significant information. (e.g. amount of an additive in a process, rotational speed of a drill bit, expenditures on advertising)
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grouped data
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combining of values from a variable that has many possible values
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classes
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choice of groups
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histograms
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often used with grouped data, these charts are always used with quantitative data - rectangles are diretly adjacent
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skewed
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data on a chart with a long tail in one direction or the other
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outliers
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wild values that are far from the bulk of the data
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bimodal
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two distinct peaks in a distribution separated by a pronounced valley
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stem-and-leaf diagram
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A method for displaying data that both shows the data set and a kind of histogram of the data.
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time series plot / sequence plot
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a graph of the data values of a quantitative variable versus time or collection order
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seasonality
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a reaoccuring pattern in the data
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trend
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a gradual increase or decrease in the in the data over time
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two-way frequency table / cross-tabulation
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an appropriate tabular summary for 2 qualitative variables
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stacked bar chart / 100% stacked bar chart
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useful graphical displays for 2 qualitative variables
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scatterplot
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the best tool for visualizing the relationship between 2 quantitative variables
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mode
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the value or category with th highest frequency in the data - most commonly used with qualitative data
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average
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mode, median,or mean
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median
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the middle value of a set of data when the data is arranged from lowest to highest.
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mean
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the sum of the measurements taken on that variable divided by the number of measurements - only meaningful for quantitative data
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trimmed means
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a process that eliminates the outliers when determining the mean
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outliers
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data values that lie far above or below the preponderance of the data
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measures of location / measures of central tendancy
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mode, median, mean, trimmed means - indicate the center or general location of data values
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range
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the difference between the largest and smallest values - the simplest measure of variability
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mean absolute deviation
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the simplest measure of the magnitudes of the deviations - the average of the absolute values of the deviations
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variance / mean squared error
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the average squared devation - the sum of the squared deviations divided by (n-1)
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standard deviation
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the positive square root of the variance
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interquartile range
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25th and 75th percentiles - the values that mark the bottom 1/4 and top 1/4 of the data
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e-notation
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exponents used in computer outputs
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pareto chart
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A bar chart that ranks the categories from highest to lowest
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pareto chart
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A bar chart that ranks the categories from highest to lowest
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means chart / x-bar chart
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a plot of times versus means of observations taken at those times
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statistical control
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the state of a process that is operating consistently, wherein the means will vary randomly, but won't show any systematic changes
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r chart
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a result of when data is taken over time and the range is plotted against time - shows that a problem is developing over time
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s chart
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a plot of standard deviations against time - a useful quality control tool in assessing whether there has been a change in variability
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cusum chart
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a chart that keeps track of the cumulative sum of a series of measurements
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random variable
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a quantitative result from a random experiment that is subject to random variability. it is determined by specifying its possible values and the probability associated with each value.
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discrete
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variables whose possible values are distinct and seperate, like 0, or 1, or 2, or 3.
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continuous
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variables whose possible values form a whole interval or range
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probability distribution
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this for a discrete random variable Y assigns a probability to each value y of the random variable Y. Can be expressed as a formula, graph, or a table.
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probability histogram
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graph of a probability distribution
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cumulative distribution function
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for a discrete random variable Y is a function that specifies the probability that Y<=y for all values of y.
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expected value
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of a discrete random variable Y with probability distribution Py(y) is the probability-weighted average of its possible values
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Expected value of Y - E(Y)
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a porbability-weighted average, a summary figure that takes into account that relative probabilities of different values of Y - or a long run average of Y
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variance of a discrete random variable
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the probability-weighted average of squared deviations from the mean (expected value)
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pie charts
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A method of displaying proportions of attribute data that fell in various exhaustive catagories.
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sttribute (nominal) data
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A type of qualitative data where the only measure is that the item has the attribute or does not. (e.g. marital status, yes/no responses, brand preference (like/dislike))
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bar charts
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A method of displaying counts of attribute data.
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Box plot
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A graphical depiction of a data set that uses a box to show the 1st and 3rd quartiles and whiskers to show the minimum and maximum values. Asterisks are used to show outliers - anamoly values determined to be outside of reasonable minimum and maximum.
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maximum
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the largest value in data set
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minimum
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the smallest value in a data set
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Ranked (oridnal) data
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A type of qualitative data in which the measure goes beyond attribute data and actually ranks how much of the attribute the item has. (e.g. Bond ratings Aaa, Aa, A, Baa; brand preference (ranked best to worst))
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stratification
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A method to "break down" a larger data set into a set of smaller data sets by some factor.
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regression analysis
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past dara on the relevant variables (independant variables) are used to develop and evaluate a prediction equation (dependant variables)
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dependant variable
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the variable that is being predicted by regression analysis
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independant variable
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the variable that is being used to make the prediction in regression analysis
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prediction v. explanation
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reference to future values v. reference to current or past events
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unit of association
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an entity that relates two variables
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simple linear regression
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there is a single independent variable, and the equation for predicting a dependant variable y is a linear function of a given independant variable x
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intercept
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the constant term that is the predicted value of y when x=( ).
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slope
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The predicted change in y when there is a one-unit change in x
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linearity assumption
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the slope of the equation does not change as x changes
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smoothers
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have been developed to sketch a curve through data without necessarily assumingany particular model
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least-square method
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used to minimize the the total squared prediction error.
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NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
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THE MOST COMMONLY USED SYMETRIC BELL-SHAPED DISTRIBUTION CURVE
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DSTRIBUTION
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THE PATTERN FORMED AS YOU COLLECT MORE DATA AND THE PICTURE BECOMES MORE REFINED
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PARAMETERS
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DETERMINED QUANTITIES THAT SPECIFY DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION
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STANDARD DEVIATION
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THE RESULTING MEASURE OF SPREAD AFTER TAKING THE SQUARE ROOT OF THE SPREAD
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COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
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THE COMMON EXPRESSION OF STANDARD DEVIATION AS A PROPORTION OR PERCENTAGE OF THE MEAN
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MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
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OBTAINED BY TAKING THE MEAN OF THE DEVIATIONS AND REGARDING THEM ALL AS POSITIVE
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SAMPLE VARIANCE
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THE SQUARE OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION
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STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
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HAS A MEAN OF ZERO AND A STANDARD DEVIATION OF ONE
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CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
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TELLS THE PROBABILITY OF THE SAMPLE RESULT (THE ACTUAL NUMBERS) HAVING ARISEN PURELY BY CHANCE
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DEGREE OF FREEDOM
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THE NUMBERS WILL IDENTIFY A ROW OF THE CHI-SQUARE TABLE
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CHITEST
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A STATISTICAL FUNCTION THAT SHOWS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WHAT WE OBSERVE AND WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT ARE DUE TO CHANCE - GIVES US THE EXACT PROBABILITY, WHICH WE CAN THEN USE TO JUDGE WHETHER THE DIFFERENCES ARE REAL OR NOT
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STANDARD ERROR OF PROPORTIONS
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STANDARD DEVIATION OF A PROPORTION
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