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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Should managers make decision based on attitude or behavior?
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Behavior
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What is management?
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process of working with people to achieve organizational goals.
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What is the difference between being an effective and efficient manager.
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efficient- achieves goals with optimum utilization of resources.
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Historical perspective of mgmt
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-bureaucracy
-internal focus -mgmt by command and control |
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Modern Perspective
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-People are key to success
-External focus -collaboration, teams -mgmt by learning organizationally |
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Contemporary Perspective
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-internal consultant
-engages in continuous learning -delegates and expects results. |
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4 major functions/duties of a manager
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Planning, organizing, leading, controlling...
this is what a manager does. |
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the process of determining the org's desired future position and deciding how best to get there..which function?
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planning function
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process of designing jobs, grouping jobs into managable units, and establishing patterns of authority among jobs and group of jobs, which function?
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organizing function
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process of motivating members of the org to work together toward the attainment of org goals, which function?
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leading function
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process of monitoring and correcting the actions of the org and its people to keep them headed toward their goals, which function?
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controlling
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what is the most common controlling mechanism?
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budget
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What are Mintzberg's three managerial roles?
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interpersonal
informational decisional |
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what are the 3 interpersonal roles?
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-figure head, which consists of..
-leader, which consists of.. -liasion, which consists of.. |
-symbolic duties, externally visible
-creates division, internally visible -relates org to ext. environment, boundary transactions |
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what are the 3 informational roles?
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-monitor
-disseminator -spokesperson |
-scans int/ext environment for info
-transmits info -speaks for company |
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what are the 5 decisional roles?
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-entrepeneur
-intrapeneur -disturbance handler -resource allocator -negotiator |
-initiates/encourages change/creativity
-^^^^ in a big organization -deal w/ issues demanding imm. attn. -allocates resources -internal arbitration role |
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what are the 3 levels of mgmt?
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strategic
tactical operational |
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programmed decision characteristics
vs non programmed |
automatic reorder of inventory
repititious novel, unique, creative problem solving, commercialization of product |
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two general models of mgmt
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normative model
descriptive model |
describes the way it should be
describes the way things are |
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Types of Decision Making
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perfect rationality
bounded rationality trial&error/incremental coalition garbage can |
DM knows all alternatives (NOT POSS)
-acknowledge uncertainty, refined srch -try, move on/ start small -recognizing politics/etc. -chaos approach, try a bunch of shit |
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What is the first step in decision making?
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Define the problem..
which consists of what? |
observed symptoms
problem diagnosis potential causes verification |
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Decision making issues/problems (5)
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-lack of structure, no plan
-risk, consequences of error -uncertainty, probability of error -psychological conflict -organizational conflict, status |
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the cooperative interaction among two ore more agencies that creates and enhanced effect is what..?
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synergy
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concensus decision making consists of what..?
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-all parties should agree despite opinion
-unanimity is not real goal. -veto -do not remain silent -dont group think (say ok to avoid conf) |
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what is the first rule of mountain climbing?
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make it down....
have a plan first! |
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crisis management elements
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strategic actions
technical & structural actions evaluation and diagnosis community action psychological/cultural actions |
what if..?
audit threats media, gov't, community |
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... is the code of moral principles and values that govern the behavior of a person or group
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ethics..so what is business ethics?
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code of moral principles and values that govern behavior of individuals and groups with respect to organizational right and wrong.
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Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development
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pre-conventional
conventional post-conventional |
follows rules to avoid punishment
lives up to expectations of others focuses on humanity |
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5 ethical systems
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universalism
teleology deontology relativism virtue ethics |
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universalism
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individuals should uphold certain values, regardless of the immediate results
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teleology
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considers and act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired results.
Ends justifies means |
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deontology
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focuses on people's intentions, not the consequences of their actions.
Means |
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relativism
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defines ethical behavior based on the opinions and behaviors of relevant other people.
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virtue ethics
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suggests that what is moral must also come from what a mature person "good" moral character would deem right.
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MOST managers behave ethically..
SOME managers behave ethically.. A FEW managers behave ethically.. |
..to avoid punishment/receive a reward
..to be a responsive to family, peers, supervisor/to be a good citizen/nghbr ..to pursue an ideal (such as moral rights or justice |
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Ethical Decision Making Approaches
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utilitarian
individualism moral rights justice approach (distributive, procedural, compensatory) |
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describe utilitarian approach
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-moral decision are those which produce the greatest good for the greatest number
-maximized satisfaction for majority -consequentialist -CON: tyranny of majority |
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describe individualism approach
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-aka Egoism
-acts are ethical when they promote the invidiual's best long term interest -CON: promote self @someone else's expense |
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Describe moral rights
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-people have fundamental rights and liberties that cannot be taken away
-ethically correct decision is the one that best maintains the rights of those affected -but..WHOSE RIGHTS PREVAIL? |
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describe justice approach (3)
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-distributive justice requires that..
-procedural justice requires that.. -compensatory justice requires that.. |
-different treatment of people not be based on arbitrary characteristics
-rules be clearly states and consistently and impartially enforced -the party responsibly should compensate injured individuals |
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managaments obligation to make choices and tak eactions that will contribute to inerest and welfare of the society is ...
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Corporate Social Responsibility
two types: normative/descriptive |
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Descriptive Corp. Responses to Societal Demands
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obstructive
defensive accomodative proactive |
-stonewall, deny
-cut your losses -accept responsibility, strategic retreat ^^ALL HAPPEN BEFORE FACT^^ -take the lead |
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In the normative pyramid of CRS, list from top to bottom.
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Disc, ethical, legal, economic
why is this bad? |
this says that money and profit are your main goal, more important that lega/ethical
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Most common danger signs that encourage unethical behavior..
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-emphasis on short-term revenue/profit
-unwillingness to take an ethical stand -ethics as PR tool -shareholders overemphasized? |
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Decision making falls along a line of 3 categories. what are they?
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codified law---EDM---Free Will
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what is the name for actions that are illegal but ethical?
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civil disobedience
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Name 4 kinds(hierarchy) of managers and describe each
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top-CEO, CFO, overall direction of org
middle-set objectives consistent w/ ^ first-line-manage entry lvl employees -only mgrs who dont supervise mgrs team leaders-new, facilitate team activities |
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the ability to apply the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done
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technical skills
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the ability to work well with others
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human skills
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common manager mistakes (behavioral)
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insensitve; bully
cold, arrogant betrayal of trust overly ambitious |
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As managers progress through their first year, they learn to be the boss and exhibit formal authority by managing tasks, not people. True of False?
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False, managers learn that they need to do more by doing less (i.e., delegation)
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What is competitive advantage?
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using incentives such as job security, selective hiring, benefits, etc. to develop a smarter, more motivated workforce.
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traditional views of management
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scientific, bureaucratic, administrative management theory
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scientific management
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Frederick W. Taylor, efficient task performance, scientific method, time and motion studies, 'one best way'
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bureaucratic model
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Max Weber, depersonalization (helps to avoid nepotism), formal hierarchy, authority and structure, impersonality of relationships
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administrative mgmt theory
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Henri Fayol, classical theory of mgmt, admistrative issues, board managerial principles, unity of command (one boss)
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moderating influences
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behavioral sciences-motivation, morale, Quality of Work Life
quantiative sciences-ops research, Quantiative Business Analysis |
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Systems Approach
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organized whole comprised of interdependent parts, identifiable boundaries
ex: PSU->Smeal |
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What are the two categories of subsytems of the systems approach?
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concrete, abstract
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concrete subsystem (systems approach)
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subsystems that you can see, visit, name
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abstract subsystems (systems approach)..there are 5
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technical-inputs/outputs
structural- managerial-planning,organizing psychosocial-role perceptions goals & values-what do we stand for? |
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Contingency Theory
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"there is no best way"
..studies the functions of orgs and mgrs in relation to the needs and demands of other entities |
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What are the pillars of modern mgmt?
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traditional views (bur., scientific, adm mgmt), moderating influences, systems approach, contingency theory
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Behavioral management
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human relations approach- Elton, Mayo, focuses on individuals working in group settings
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Hawthorne Effect
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productivity increased in relation to the presence and attention of the researchers.
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behavioral scientists
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those who have advanced training in applying the scientific approach to the study of human behavior.
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Behavioral science
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munsterberg, follett, advocates that workers are more complex, believes workers are concerned with more than making money and friends.
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Decision Sciences
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james march, herbert simon, modern mgmt theories decision making, info systems, mathematics, and statistics to aid in making choices.
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Herbert Simon's 3 states of decision making
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intelligence
design choice |
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what is the most important contribution of the decision sciences approach?
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production mgmt-focuses on the flow of material in manufacturing
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a sphere of managent science that includes the areas of purchasing, materials management, production, inventory and quality control, maintenance, and plant management
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operations management
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a computerized system that helps managers make better decision by permitting them to gather and accurately process large voluces of data
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information system
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the overall environment containing the elemnts that affect all organizations
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general environemtn
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the environemnt cointaing elements that can have an imdmediate impact on the organizational success
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task environment
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open systems
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chester barnard, a system that is open to influences of the environment
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an organization theory asserting that, as techonological complexity increases, different organizational structures are needed for optimal results
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technological imperative
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Taylor, Weber, Fayol..
..are related to what theory |
classical
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Mayo, Roethlisberger, Dickson..
..are related to what theory |
behavioral
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Simon, Simon, March..
..are related to what theory |
decision
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Barnard, Senge
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systems
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woodward, lawrence, lorsch
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contingency
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Theory X
Theory Y Theory Z |
employees must be coerced
employees are creative, self-directed combines Jap/American practices |
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accepting a solution that is 'good enough' (related to bounded rationality)
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satisfice
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striving for perfect solution (related to perfcet rationality)
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maximize
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ability to see organization as a whole, understanding how the different parts affect each other, and recognize how the company fits into or is affect by its external environment.
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conceptual skills
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Number 1 mistake by managers
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insensitive to others by virtue of their abrasive, bullying style
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number 1 mistake in decision making process
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identifying the problem
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the strategy that attempts to improve a firm's competitve psotiion by delveooping unique products
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differentiation
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competitive strategy that involves prodiving a competitive and unique product/serve to a narrowed market area
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focused differentiation
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learning organization
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peter senge, in order for an organization to be successful, it must learn and adapt
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early stage that a firm goes through in become a learning organization; learning through adapting to its sucessess
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adaptive learning
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stage a firm goes through in become a learning org and that requires "seeing the systems that control events"
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generative learning
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Steps to Normative DM (6)
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1. Define the problem
2. generate alts 3. pros/cons 4. select alt 5. implement 6. evaluate |
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EARLY PEOPLE
-Jethro and Moses- -Sun Tzu -Socrates- -Xenophon Abu Yusuf |
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
-delgation -art of war -mgmt is an art -division of labor gov't functions |
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MORE EARLY DATES
-Ibn Khaldun -Machiavelli -Adam Smith |
THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
-introduces formal/informal org -'how to succeed' -discussed optimal org of a factory |
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4 benefits of bureaucratic form, identified by Weber
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1) efficiency
2) predictability 3) calculability 4) control |
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a tool that visually depicts the steps in a process, time, and the sequences of steps required to complete the entire project
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Gantt chart
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the idea that each person should become a master of a specific task
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specialization
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