Management Chapter 4

Front 1

Global Environment

Back 1

The set of global forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources.

Front 2

Task Environment

Back 2

The set of forces and conditions that originate with suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors and affect an organization’s ability to obtain inputs and dispose of its outputs because they influence managers daily.

Front 3

General Environment

Back 3

The wide-ranging global, economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political, and legal forces that affect an organization and its task environment.

Front 4

Suppliers

Back 4

Individuals and organizations that provide an organization with the input resources it needs to produce goods and services.

Front 5

Global Outsourcing

Back 5

The purchase or production of inputs or final products from overseas suppliers to lower costs and improve product quality or design.

Front 6

Distributors

Back 6

Organizations that help other organizations sell their goods or services to customers.

Front 7

Customers

Back 7

Individuals and groups that buy the goods and services an organizations produces.

Front 8

Competitors

Back 8

Organizations that produce goods and services that are similar to a particular organizations goods and services.

Front 9

Potential Competitors

Back 9

Organizations that presently are not in a task environment but could enter if they so choose.

Front 10

Barriers to Entry

Back 10

Factors that make it difficult and costly for an organization to enter a particular task environment or industry.

Front 11

Economies of Scale

Back 11

Cost advantages associated with large operations.

Front 12

Brand Loyalty

Back 12

Customers’ preference for the products of organizations currently existing in the task environment.

Front 13

Economic Forces

Back 13

Interest rates, inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and other factors that affect the general health and well-being of a nation or the regional economy of an organization.

Front 14

Technology

Back 14

The combination of skills and equipment that managers use in designing, producing, and distributing goods and services.

Front 15

Technological Forces

Back 15

Outcomes of changes in the technology managers use to design, produce, or distribute goods and services.

Front 16

Sociocultural Forces

Back 16

Pressures emanating from the social structure of a country or society or from the national culture.

Front 17

Social Structure

Back 17

The traditional system of relationships established between people and groups in a society.

Front 18

National Culture

Back 18

The set of values that a society considers important and the norms of behavior that are approved or sanctioned in that society.

Front 19

Demographic Forces

Back 19

Outcomes of changes in, or changing attitudes toward, the characteristics of population such as age, gender, ethnic origin, race, sexual orientation, and social class.

Front 20

Political and Legal Forces

Back 20

Outcomes of changes in laws and regulations, such as deregulation of industries, privatization of organizations, and increased emphasis of environmental protection.

Front 21

Globalization

Back 21

The set of specific and general forces that work together to integrate and connect economic, political, and social systems across countries, cultures, or geographical regions so that nations become increasingly interdependent and similar.

Front 22

Tariff

Back 22

A tax that a government imposes on imported or, occasionally, exported goods.

Front 23

Free-Trade Doctrine

Back 23

The idea that if each country specializes in the production of the goods and services that it can produce most efficiently, this will make the best use of global resources.

Front 24

Values

Back 24

Ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, desirable, or beautiful.

Front 25

Mores

Back 25

Norms that are considered to be central to the functioning of society and to social life.

Front 26

Folkways

Back 26

The routine social conventions of everyday life.

Front 27

Individualism

Back 27

A worldview that values individual freedom and self-expression and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their individual achievements rather than by their social background.

Front 28

Collectivism

Back 28

A worldview that values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their contribution to the group.

Front 29

Power Distance

Back 29

The degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals’ physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage.

Front 30

Achievement Orientation

Back 30

A worldview that values assertiveness, performance, success, and competition.

Front 31

Nurturing Orientation

Back 31

A worldview that values the quality of life, warm personal friendships, and services and care for the weak.

Front 32

Uncertainty Avoidance

Back 32

The degree to which societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk.

Front 33

Long-term Orientation

Back 33

Worldview that values thrift and persistence in achieving goals.

Front 34

Short-term Orientation

Back 34

A worldview that values personal stability or happiness and living for the present.