Mammalogy Midterm

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Mammalogy

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study of a class of vertebrates called mammalia

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Phylogenetics

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study of evolutionary relationships among species (populations, genera, families, orders) based on likelihoods or on nested sets of shared derived traits (characteristics)

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Species

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a group of potentially interbreeding natural populations that are capable of producing viable, fertile offspring

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speciation

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It most often begins with the isolation of a small number of individuals from a larger population of a species.
-Over time, the genetic structures of the two
populations change and the two groups become separate species - they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Phylogenetics

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The study of evolutionary relationships among
species (populations, genera, families, orders) based on likelihoods or on nested sets of shared derived traits (characters).

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Synapomorphy

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a shared trait derived inherited from a common ancestor

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Branch

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represents common ancestor

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Internal node

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represents a speciation event

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clade

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group

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paraphyletic clades

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organisms that share a common ancestor but exclude a small subset of them.

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monophyletic clade

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every organisms under a common ancestor

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homology

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characteristics similar to each other due to sharing a common ancestor
-do the same job and have the same origin

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analogy

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characteristics similar to each other but evolved at different times
-do the same job but have different origins
-occurs due to convergent evolution

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Heterothermic

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body temperatures fluctuate

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Ectothermic

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body heat generated externally

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Homeothermic

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body temps do not fluctuate with ambient temperature
(Exceptions are torpor and other heat-saving mechanisms)
-expensive

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Endothermic

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body heat generated internally

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Thermal Neutral Zone (TNZ)

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a range of temperatures over which little or no excess energy is spent on thermoregulation (heating or cooling)
-droping below Lower Critical Temperature or rising above Higher Critical Temperature results in metabolic rates rising.

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pelage

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coat

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aposematic

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warning

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crypsis

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Camouflage

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Mammary glands

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modified sebaceous or sweat glands

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Enucleated

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lacking nuclei

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Vibrissae

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whiskers

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mammalia (ignore bones)

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shared characteristics
-Homeothermic
-Endothermic
-high metabolic rate
-have hair
-unique skin glands
-have mammary glands
-closed circuit circulatory system
-Enucleated red blood cells
-active then passive respiratory system
-testes located outside abdominal cavity in the scrotum
-large cerebrum
-have Vibrissae (whiskers)
-have pinnae
-teeth occlude to one side at a time

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pinnae

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visible part of the ear outside of the head

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Axial Skeleton

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bones along central axis of body
-cranium
-hyoid
-ribs and sternum
-cervical vertebrae
-thoracic vertebrae
-lumbar vertebrae
-sacral vertebrae
-caudal vertebrae

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homodont

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all teeth have similar shapes

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polyphyodont

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have many sets of teeth

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heterodont

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four different kinds of teeth

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occlude

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interlock

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diphyodont

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two sets of teeth

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appendicular skeleton

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bones of the appendages

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oviviparous

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laid eggs

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Order: Monotremata

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shared characteristics (compared to therians)
-primitive ear (less coiled cochlea, no pinna)
-mammary glands but no nipples
-endothermic but lower metabolic rate
-lack sweat glands (not good at evaporative cooling

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Subclass Theria

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evolution of tribosphenic molars

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Tribosphenic molars

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reversed triangles on upper and lower molars that fir perfectly into each other for shearing effect
-protocone and talonid surfaces rest on each other for grinding

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insectivory

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insect based diet
-terrestrial insectivores
-aerial insectivores

have short intestine and no cecum

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carnivory

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animal based diet
-terrestrial carnivores
-aerial carnivores
-aquatic carnivores

have short intestine and colon, and a small cecum

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herbivory

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plant based diet
-browsers and grazers - non ruminant
-granivory (seeds)
-folivory (foliage)
-frugivory (fruit
-nectarivory (nectar)
gumnivory

nonruminants have simply stomach and large cecum
ruminants have a four-chambered stomach with large reumen; long small and large intestines.

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omnivory

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mixed plant/animal diet

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masticate

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to grind or pulverize food inside the mouth using teeth and jaws; to grind or crush something into pulp

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Ambulatory

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walkers
-plantigrade

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plantigrade

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walk on soles of hands/feet

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cursorial

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runners
-dititigrade
-unguiligrade

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dititigrade

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walk on extended digits
-"tip toe"

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unguiligrade

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walk on hooves

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jumping

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propulsion of all 4 limbs
-stotting or pronking

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ricocheting

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hopping, propulsion by hindlimbs only

common adaptations
-lengthening of one or more hindlimb segments
-shift of body mass posteriorly
-enlargement of hip muscle and elongation of tendons
-large hind feet for take off and landing
-long tail for balance

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saltatorial locomotion

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movement by hopping
-efficient way of moving fast if you are a large mammal and can make use of elastic recoil to save energy

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fossorial mammals

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burrowing mammals

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Zoogeography

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the study of animal distributions

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descriptive (ecological) zoogeography

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the study og local and global distributions of living species relative to their environments

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historical zoogeography

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the study of originations, extinctions, and migrations over time

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corridor

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a dispersal pathway that offers little resistance

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sweepstakes route

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very restrictive dispersal pathway that only a few individuals can occasionally cross
-getting across is like winning the lottery

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filter route

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a dispersal pathway that allows some species to pass but not others

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Order monotremata
-family Ornithorhynchidae
-family tachyglossidae

(List shared characteristics, common names, know appearance, locomotion, diet, zoogeographic region,)

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shared characteristics
-spur on ankle of males
-electroreceptors in bill/beak
-lack of teeth in adults
-two unfused uterii

family Ornithorhynchidae
-Platypus
-insectivore
-Australia
-ambulatory and swimming

family tachyglossidae
-Echidna
-insectivore
-Australia
-Ambulatory

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cloaca

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common opening for the urinary, digestive and reproductive tracts
-found in monotrematas

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edentulous or edentate

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no teeth

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altricial young

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require nourishment (marsupials aka metatheria)
-well developed forelimbs, tongue, nasal capsule, alimentary tract, kidney
-partially developed lungs and hindlimbs

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infraclass metatheria
Cohort Ameridelphia
-Order Didelphimorphia
---family didelphidae
-order paucituberculata
---family caenolestidae

(zoogeographic region shared characteristics, diet, common name of didelphidae )

ADD LOCOMOTION

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shared characteristics of Ameridelphia
-paired spermatozoa
-subtle features of the ankle joint (talus)

shared characteristics of Paucituberculata
-arboreal and insectivorous

shared characteristics of didelphimorphia
-primitive dental formula
-simple tribosphenic molars
-arboreal and omnivorous

Order Didelphimorphia
-nearctic and neotropical
-family didelphidae = opossum


order paucituberculata
-neotropical

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Infraclass metatheria
cohort Australidelphia
-order microbiotheria
-order dasyuromorphia
---Family Thylacinidae
---Family Dasyuridae
---Family Myrmecobiida
-order notoryctemorphia
-order permelemorphia
-order diprotodontia
---Family Phascolarctidae
---Family Vombatiidae
---Family Phalangeridae
---Family Potoroidae
---Family Macropodidae
---Family Petauridae
---Family Acrobatidae
---Family Pseudocheiridae
---Family Tarsipedidae

(zoogeographic region, shared characteristics, common names and appearance for Thylacinidae, Dasyuridae, Myrmecobiida, Phascolarctidae, Vombatiidae, Phalangeridae, Potoroidae, Macropodidae, Petauridae, Acrobatidae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae)

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order microbiotheria
-neotropical

order dasyuromorphia
-australian

---Family Thylacinidae - tasmanian wolf
---Family Dasyuridae - marsupial rats and mice
---Family Myrmecobiida - numbats

order notoryctemorphia
-australian

order permelemorphia
-australian

order diprotodontia
-australian

---Family Phascolarctidae - koala
---Family Vombatiidae - wombat
---Family Phalangeridae - phalanger
---Family Potoroidae -
---Family Macropodidae - kangaroo and wallaby
---Family Petauridae - sugar glider
---Family Acrobatidae
---Family Pseudocheiridae - ringtail possum and glider
---Family Tarsipedidae

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polyprotodont

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long dentary with small unspecialized incisors

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diprotodont

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short dentary with first pair of lower incisors lengthened to meet upper incisors

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didactylous

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unfused toes, each in their own sheath of skin

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syndactylous

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bones of 2nd and 3rd toes fused, both toes together in a common sheath of skin