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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are some IndirectMethods of animal tracking? |
camera trap hair snares track plates acoustic tracking remote sensing |
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why do marine mammals need to be monitored? |
–Population size - Federally Mandated MMPA –Understand more about theirbiology –Monitor ocean processes |
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how do people conduct population estimates/ stock monitoring |
survey techniques photo-identification -genetic analysis |
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how do people conduct remote sensing techniques? |
Line Transect – Aerial, Boat,Shore-based underwater |
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who are the white rats of the ocean what is its species and family? |
mirounga agustirostris F. Phocidae |
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what can tags record? |
location at surface location, speed, and movement underwater environmental conditions (water temp, salinity, productivity) psychological and behavioral measurements (heartrate, vocalization) |
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what is individual ecology |
physiological, behavioral ecology |
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what is interaction between species ecology |
community, population |
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what is interactions between biotic and abiotic ecology |
ecosystem and others |
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black |
fur seals |
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red |
sea lions |
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yellow |
sea otters |
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blue |
bharbor seals |
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purple |
great whale |
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•How can an understanding of microbialecology affect our understanding of mammalian evolution and ecology? |
•Recognition of individuals, group membersand kin •Recognition of potential mates (MHC) •Evolutionary costs and benefits of socialrelationships |
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Howmany microbial cells do you have on andin you? |
100,000,000,000,000 5 lbs |
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What are some knownfunctions ofthese microbial cells - collectively called the microbiome? |
Nutrientacquisition animal behavior regulators of host genes expression immune system tolerance to environmental stress organ development influence community structure |
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what does nutrient acquisition consist of |
uptake, synthesis, breakdown |
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what does animal behavior consist of
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includingsexual selection and mate choice, depression/anxiety and stress response, kinrecognition, and social behaviors |
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what does Regulators ofhost gene expression consist of |
behavior, health, development |
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what does the immune system consist of |
development and function of plants and animals |
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what does Tolerance toenvironmental stress consist of |
plants and animals |
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what does organ development consist of |
gut epithileum and cardiac heart size |
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what does influence community structure consist of |
plants, insects, animals |
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WhatFactors Control the Structure of Microbiome Communities? |
–Habitat – including diet –Genetics and Physiology –Input from animal behaviour –Social Behaviors |
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what are is the fermentation hypothesis for group-specific recognition |
- Mammalianscent glands contain large numbers of symbiotic bacteria of different species - Species composition and relative abundance of eachdetermines which volatile odorant compounds are produced, and in what abundance(odorant fingerprint) - Mammalian recognitions cues are determined by theparticular odorant fingerprint |
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the rumen is home to billions of microbes, inlcuding ... |
bacteria protists fungi viruses |
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all the different rumen microbes form a complex community of organisms that ___________________________, helping the animal ___________________________ |
interact with one another animal digest its food |
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the human microbiome has over _____________________ genes |
2, 300, 000 |
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the human genome has _________ genes |
23, 000 |
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whats the hologenome theory of evolution |
Naturalselection acts on the unit of a host plus its associated microorganisms |
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what is the pathway of hologenome theory of evolution |
microbial activities -> phenotypic changes in host ->subject toselection |
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in the hologenome theory of evolution, the Variationwithin individuals in the population can be brought about by... |
modificationin eitherthe hostor the microbiota genome orthe expression of those genomes |
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Fermentation hypothesis – in spotted hyenas |
Differentgroup-specific social odors (short chain fatty acids) are strongly correlated withdifferences in the abundance and distribution patterns of fermentativebacterial species in anal pouches of spotted hyenas |
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what is sociality |
whenindividuals of the same species associate with each other beyond mating & parentalbehavior |
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reasons why mammals are a good taxon to study social behavior |
broad range of social complexity and cognitive abilities behavioral flexibility variation in pace of development, length of lifespan, and brain size |
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what is asociality |
species that usually only come together for mating and mother-neonate relationships |
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what is eusociality among animals |
obligately social animals (have castes) |
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what are some use of resources through sociality |
maintenance of warmth protection contact |
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biggest advantage of sociality |
overall increase in resource use efficiency |
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some other benefits besides resource efficiency that come with sociality |
finding food obtaining food- easier capture of large prey increased foraging efficiency |
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Increase food intake per individual bydecreasing .... |
time spend vigilant per individual |
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advantages of group living |
more efficient foraging, cooperative hunters catch larger prey, increase food intake per individual by decreasing time spend vigilant per individual |
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how is defense an advantage of sociality |
improveddefense of limited resources (space, food) against conspecific intruders |
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what are some extra advantages of group-living |
helping relatives survive to pass on genes may inherit territory increased ability to modify their environment |
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what are some costs of herd/group living |
increased competition increased conspicuousness to predatoes increased exposure to disease interference with reproduction |
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how is interference with reproduction a cost from group-living |
greater possibility of caring or young that are not one's own killing of young by non-parents |
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describe GroupSelection – Wynn-Edwards – 1960’s |
–Individuals would be selected to do whatis best for the survival and success of the group |
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describe selfish herd evolution |
Individualswill use the group as a shield thereby increasing their own reproductive success individuals are less likely to be taken the larger the group is predators are confused by facing so many animals that look alike |
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what is hamilton's rule |
inclusive fitness |
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red and green |
cost and benefit |
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purple and brown |
cost and cost |
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pink and yellow |
benefit and cost |
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black and white |
cost and cost |
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what are the three mechanisms for the evolution of altruism |
indirect fitness kinship, reciprocity, eusociality |
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Spermophilusbeldingi live in colonial burrows and have a strong ______________ |
female philopatry |
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Spermophilusbeldingi faces both _________ and ___________ predators |
aerial terrestrial |
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for aerial attacks, Spermophilusbeldingi react in this way: |
high pitched whistle and pandemonium! |
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for terrestrial attacks, Spermophilusbeldingi react in this way |
series of short trills and they sit up and look in the direction of predator |
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how do vampire bats display altruism |
regurgitate blood meals to one another |
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the cost of the donor is _______________ benefit to recipient |
less than |
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vampire bats are more likely to regurgitate blood to theses specific things... |
relatives |
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what were some observations darwin made when it comes to mating |
males are often more showy males often more aggressive males typically die sooner than females male traits are more coslty and risky than female traits |
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meaning of sexual selection |
differential mating success of individuals based on heritable characters |
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intra-sexual competition is between |
male and male |
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inter-sexual sexual choice is |
female choice |
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what did the Bateman fruit fly experiment show |
male reproductive success is limited by access to females and female reproductive success is limited by access to resourcecs |
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what is the trivers 1972 mechanism |
differential parental investment drives sexual selection |
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what is parental investment |
anythingthat a parent does to increase the probability that an existing offspring willsurvive to reproduce at the cost of the parents ability to generate moreoffspring |
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red |
less |
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green |
more |
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one male many females is |
polygyny |
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one male one female is |
monogamy |
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many males and many females is |
promiscuity |
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one female many males is |
polyandry |
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_____________ is the rule in mammals (90%) |
polygyny |
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what are the differences related to the many different types of polygynous mating systems in mammals |
ability of males to monopolize females |
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what is female-defense polygyny based on |
male defending natural aggregations of females |
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female-defense polygyny for elephant seals |
males defend harem of females and this leads to a big potential payoff for males |
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elephant seals experience extreme __________________ |
sexual dimorphism |
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the larger the elephant seal, the higher _____________________ it has and the higher ____________________ |
social rank copulatory sucess |
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what is resource-defense polygyny |
male defends a territory that has resources that females need that are clumped spatially |
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what is the environmental potential for polygyny |
•If resources or potential mates areclumped or distributed in a non random way – then polygyny islikely to evolve |
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•The degree of polygyny isrelated to the ability of ... |
one sex to monopolize the other |
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what are some alternate strategies where lowest ranking individuals can get ahead |
peripheral male strategy female mimics alliance formation |
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When females are__________________, it is difficultfor males to monopolize multiple females |
widely dispersed |
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how effective are resource defense polygyny and female-defense polygyny |
NOT efective |
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what is lek polygyny |
males display at territories and they can be set up around a prime location, females come visit and pick a single mate, females are choosy and a few dominant males do most of breeding |
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what is scramble competition polygyny |
males try to outrace rivals to receptive females and highly mobile males have higher copulatory success and reproductive success |
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_____________ in reproductive costs to males and females promotespolygyny in mammals |
Asymmetry |
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monogamy is found in less than ____ of mammal species |
5% |
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what is facultative monogamy |
occurs when female densities are low and males need to settle for one female |
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when does obligate monogamy occur |
investment from male is required in order for female to raise offspring |
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wolves jackals and foxes are examples of |
monogamous mammals |
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during monogamous mammal relationships, the male spends _________________________ with young as the female |
same amount of time |
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Females of some species may mate with multiple malesduring a single estrous period is an example of |
sperm competition |
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the first male advantage in sperm competition reduces the chance that 2nd males sperm will be used and leads to |
mate guarding copulatory plugs |
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2nd male advantage leads to |
diilution of 1st male's sperm |
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results of lions in serengeti |
Single males have larger haremsthan alliances of males Testosterone levels are higher more aggressive males lack a mane |
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significance of lions in serengeti |
•Natural selection and sexual selection can be opposing forces •Physiological abilities can affect the morphology and behaviour of animals |
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what were the results of the lion mane experiment |
•Females favored males with long,dark manes •Males were less likely toapproach males with long, dark manes Males with long dark manes could withstand thermal stress |
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what are some problems mammals face today |
habitat fragmentation overgrazing habitat degradation pollution introduced predators over-exploitation |
