Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Habitat selection |
a behavioral process that scales up to population and species distributions |
|
|
|
Landscape of Fear |
relative levels of predation risk across a landscape that reflect the level of fear of predation a prey experiences in different parts of its area of use |
|
|
|
Kin group |
group members are related to one another |
|
|
|
Eusocial Groups |
highly structured groups of individuals living in colonies that demonstrate overlapping generations, reproductive division of labor, and cooperative care of young |
|
|
|
Functions of placenta |
1. Anchor fetus to uterus 2. Transport nutrients from maternal bloodstream 3. Excrete fetal waste products 4. Produce regulatory hormones to maintain pregnancy |
|
|
|
4 types of placenta |
1. Diffuse 2. Cotyledonary 3. Zonary 4. Discoidal |
|
|
|
Diffuse |
chorionic villi scattered evenly throughout endometrium |
|
|
|
Cotyledonary |
evenly spaced patches of chorionic villi scattered throughout endometrium |
|
|
|
Zonary |
continuous band of villi in uterus |
|
|
|
Discoidal |
villi occupy 1 or 2 disc-shaped areas in uterus |
Discoidal |
|
|
Mammals with diffuse placenta |
lemurs, nonruminating artiodactyls, perissodactyls |
|
|
|
Mammals with Cotyledonary |
Ruminating artiodactyls |
|
|
|
Mammals with zonary |
Carnivores |
|
|
|
Mammals with Discoidal |
Primates, insectivores, lagomorphs, rodents |
|
|
|
Dispersion |
pattern of distribution of individuals in space |
|
|
|
Importance of resource selection |
-population management -preservation of endangered species and exploited habitat -impacts of habitat change -impacts of climate change -disease |
|
|
|
Characteristics of r-selected species |
-High reproductive rate -Rapid population growth -Short-lived, high juv. mortality -Variable population levels |
|
|
|
Characteristics of K-selected species |
-Low reproductive rate -Slow population growth -Long-lived, low juv. mortality -Stable population levels (near K) |
|
|
|
Mammmals with Undescended (abdominal) testes |
monotremes, seals, whales, some insectivores, manatees, elephants |
|
|
|
Mammals Permanently descended testes |
primates, ungulates, carnivores |
|
|
|
Mammals with Seasonal migration to scrotum |
some bats & rodents |
|
|
|
Benefits of Social Living |
• Predator Defense • Disease Assistance • Improved Foraging • Subordinate protection • Reproductive Interference |
|
|
|
Costs of Social Living |
• Conspicuousness • Disease • Competition • Submissiveness • Reproductive Interference |
|
|
|
Direct Fitness |
function of the number of offspring anindividual contributes to future generations |
|
|
|
Indirect Fitness |
function of the number of offspring anindividual helps relatives contribute to future generations |
|
|
|
Inclusive Fitness |
an individual’s summed genetic contribution to future generations |
|
|
|
Reproductive Skew |
differential reproduction in groupinfluences gene dynamics and effective population size |
|
|
|
Reproductive Suppression |
reduced probability that allmembers of a social group will reproduce |
|
|
|
SPEED |
Stride Length x Stride Rate |
|
|
|
Ability to find, defend, andexploit high quality resources impacts |
Survival and Reproduction (fitness) |
|
|
|
Trophic Cascade |
effects of predators suppress or release herbivory in ecological systems |
|
|
|
Coefficient of Relatedness |
proportion of the total genotype of one individual present in another as a result of sharedancestry |
|
|
|
Group Size Effects |
relationship between time allocation forsocial interactions and group size |
|
|
|
Hopping locomotion |
Saltatorial |
|
|
|
Advantages of Saltatorial locomotion |
1. rapid acceleration 2. directional changes |
|
|
|
Adaptations for swimming |
1. modified flippers 2. webbing |
|
|
|
Flying locomotion |
Volant |
|
|
|
Name for digging and burrowing locomotion |
Fossorial |
|
|
|
Climbing locomotion involving claws |
Scansorial |
|
|
|
running locomotion |
cursorial |
|
|
|
Influences on stride length |
1. Limbs positioned under body 2. Distal elements lengthened 3. Changes in foot posture 4. Increased flexion of vertebral column |
|
|
|
Influences on stride rate |
1. Repositioned muscle mass 2. Added joint to locomotor mechanism 3. Reduced digits |
|
|
|
Anti-behavior behaviors |
Avoiding Detection Avoiding Attack Avoiding Capture Avoiding Consumption |
|
|
|
Example of avoiding detection |
camoflauge |
|
|
|
Example of avoiding attack |
Warnings & Repellants |
|
|
|
Example of avoiding capture |
- Grouping Behavior -Defensive behavior |
|
|
|
OBLIGATEALTRUISM |
Total loss of direct fitness |
|
|
|
FACULTATIVEALTRUISM |
Temporary loss of direct fitness |
|
|
|
RECIPROCITY |
Delayed direct fitness |
|
|
|
digestion of ruminants |
Foregut |
|
|
|
digestion of nonruminant |
Hindgut |
|
|
|
Differences between perrisodactyls and artiodactyls |
Perrisodactyls more efficient in digesting highly nutritious vegetation Artiodactyls more successful in surviving on low-quality forage |
|
|
|
Order of habitat selection |
1st: Species Range 2nd: Home Range 3rd: Within Home Range 4th: Use of resource attribute |
|
|
|
Acronymn for IACUC |
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees |
|
|
|
Duty of IACUC |
Evaluation of whether proposed research involves acceptablemethods of handling animals |
|
|
|
Ethical methods in capture |
Adequate food, insulation, shelter Avoid trapping in severe weather (thermoregulation) Minimize time in trap (prompt and frequent checks;appropriate number of traps) Minimize potential harassment Avoid injury or excessive stressDecontamination Chemical immobilization Seperate Target and non-target species |
|
|
|
Ethical methods for blood/tissue collection |
Minimize trauma and potential for infection |
|
|
|
Ethical methods for marking |
-Non-toxic -Do not alter behavior/ mobility -Do not increase predation risk -Transmitter/tag weigh <5-10% animal’s body mass |
|
|
|
Ways to identify Domain of Availability |
-Geographic range -Barriers (impermeable, semi-permeable) -Life history information -Individual movement patterns |
|
|
|
Implantation |
1. Hormones prepare endometrium for implantation 2. Blastocyst differentiates into embryo and trophoblast 3. Trophoblast produces enzymes that break down decidua(uterine mucosa), permits embryo to attach 4. Trophoblast thickens, sends out villi to nourish embryo |
|
