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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order Monotremata
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i.e. Duck-billed platypus, echidna
Lay eggs, epipublic bones, milk thru skin no nipples, crepuscular, burrow Subclass Prototheria |
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Infraclass Metatheria
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i.e. kangaroo
epipublic bones, highly altricial young, diprotodont or polyprotodont, didactylus or syndactylus |
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Order Afrosoricida
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African Shrew
No auditory bulla, big incisors small canines |
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Order Macroscelidea
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Elephant Shrew
Have auditory bulla, zygomatic arch, cecum |
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Order Tubulidentata
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Aardvark
figure-8 shaped cheek teeth, hoof-like claws |
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Order Hyracoidea
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Hyrax
rootless incisors, diastema between incisors and cheek teeth, adhesive pads on feet |
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Order Proboscidea
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Elephants
Tusks |
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Order Sirenia
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Manatee, Sea Cow, Dugong
Tail modified into flipper, no pinnae, cheek teeth lost from front replace from rear, have vibrassae on upper lip no other hair |
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Order Cingulata
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Armadillo
Carapace |
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Order Pilosa
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Sloths and Anteaters
No teeth in anteater, sloths are arboreal |
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Order Erinaceomorpha
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Hedgehog
Heterothermic, hibernation, Sonic |
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Order Soricomorpha
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Moles, solenodon, shrews
Moles are fossorial, solenodon have submaxillary gland toxin, some shrews have venomous saliva |
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Order Chiroptera
Suborder Megachiroptera |
Fruit bat
Keel on sternum, no nose/face ornamentation, vision to navigate, no torpor/hibernation, old world only |
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Order Chiroptera
Suborder Microchiroptera |
"the rest"
Keel on sternum, nose/facial ornamentation often present, echolocation to navigate, many hibernate/torpor, found everywhere |
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Order Pholidota
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Pangolin
Scales made of keratin, hair where no scales. Arboreal ones have prehensile tails. Long, tubular rostrum, with long sticky tongue, no teeth, teeth in pyloric region to smash insects, plantigrade, 5 digits with claw. Insectivorous. Roll into ball as defense. |
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Order Carnivora
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Cat, dog, bear
1) Canine teeth and carnassial pair (blade-like 4th pre-molar and first molar) 2) Sharply defined mandibular fossa where mandible articulates with cranium 3) Long rostrum with complex turbinal bones 4) Well developed anal glands 5) Terrestrial, semi-aquatic a) Plantigrade or digitigrade b) Four or five toes, long sharp claws on all digits c) Fusion of wrist bones 6) Aquatic (pinnipeds) a) Limbs enclosed within body b) Webbing between digits, elongated metatars and metacarps c) Large size d) Blubber e) Nostrils are slits that must be forced open f) Nipples/external genetalia withdrawn into slits g) Most give birth on land/molt on land h) Controversy over if pinnipeds are monophyletic i) Once had own order |
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Order Artiodactyla
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Giraffe
a) 2 enlarged digits share weight equally b) Upper incisors and canines lost/reduced c) Antorbital pit d) Males have tusks, antlers, horns e) Ruminants or not f) Suborder suinae- hippo g) Suborder ruminantia |
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Order Perissodactyla
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Horse, tapir, rhino
a) Unguligrade limbs b) Enlarged central digit carries most weight (mesaxonic) c) Enlongated skull d) Canine teeth reduced/absent e) Complex ridge pattern on cheek teeth f) Simple stomach large cecum g) Families- equidae, rhinocerotidae, tapiridae |
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Ungulates (in general)
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a) Perissodactyla – odd fingered (horse, taper, rhino), Artiodactyla even (camel, deer)
b) Cursoial adaptations, syndactyly, hooves, herbivory (ruminates and hind gut fermentation seen in some species) c) Increased stride length i) Lengthened limbs, loss of clavicle, dorso-ventral spine flexion d) Increased stride rate i) More joints in limb, low weight in distal limb, changes in muscle insertion points e) Nuchal ligament- needed to run f) Springing ligament- on underside of foot |
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Order Cetacea (in general)
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1) Fusiform body shape
2) Large body size 3) Virtually no hair 4) Blubber 5) No sebaceous glands 6) Tails flattened into flukes 7) Forelimbs flippers 8) Vestigial hindlimbs 9) Dorsal fin in many species 10) Long rostrum, telescoped bones of skull, nares (nostrils) migrated back 11) Special muscles for blow hole 12) Neck short, cervical vertebrae fused 13) Large brains, use auditory comm 14) Some species echolocate 15) Dolphins see equally above and under h2o 16) Extra capillaries in lungs 17) Use 3x o2 from each breath 18) Can exhale almost all air 19) 2x [RBC] 20) 2-9X myoglobin 21) HR drops to half during long dives 22) Blood redistributed during dives 23) High lactic acid and co2 tolerance 24) Can tolerate high pressure 25) Fast swimmers- drag, turbulence, laminar |
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Suborder Mysticeti
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Baleen whales
a) Largest animals, plankton feeders, low pops due to hunting b) Lack teeth as adults c) Baleen- long strands of epithelial tissue d) Skimming or gulp feeding e) Gulp feeding in hump whales is cooperative i) Vocalizations bubble nets lunge up and consume f) Bottom ploughing – grey whale g) Migrations |
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Suborder Odontoceti
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a) Asymmetry of cranial bone
b) Telescoped maxilla extends supraorbitally c) Many carnivorous- many or no/one homodont cone teeth d) Resp canal and food passage completely separate e) Echolocate i) Production of clicks focus clicks through melon reception by lower jaw reception by middle ear f) Magnetic nav and prey stunning with high freq sound |
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Order Rodentia
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Rats
1) Most notable characteristic – teeth a) Big incisors b) Complex occlusal surfaces on cheek c) Diastema d) Complex muscles for chewing/gnawing 2) Protognaths (ancestoral condition), sciuromorphs squirrel-like, myomorphs rat mice, hystricomorphs guinea pig |
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Order Lagomorpha
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Rabbits
1) Incisors with no canines, have cheek teeth 2) Digiti/plantigrade 3) Fenestration in skull, jointed 4) Soles of feet furred 5) Tail short/absent |
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Order Dermoptera
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Flying Lemur
1) Volitantia hypothesis – bats/flylemurs sister taxa 2) Primatomorpha hypothesis – primates/flylemurs sister taxa 3) Most complete patagium of all mammals 4) Pectinate incisors 5) Nocturnal / crepuscular (twilight) 6) Folivorous 7) Solitary, territorial, best gliders |
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Order Scandentia
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Tree Shrews
1) Once considered primitive primate, then insectivore 2) Differences with insectivores a) Complete zygomatic arch, auditory bullae, big brain case, has cecum 3) Look like squirrels with big eyes and similar teeth to insectivores (caniform incisor, reduced canine) 4) Arboreal, omnivores, some social or live in pairs, out during day 5) Leave young in nest and nursed once in 48 hr til one month when weened |
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Order Primates
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Monkeys
1) Quadrupedal a) Terrestrial i) Narrow thorax, restricted shoulder joint, forelimbs and hind limbs ~lengths, short digits, reduced tail b) Arboreal i) Narrow thorax, forelimbs/hind similar length, shoulder joint allows lateral motion, long prehensile digits, long tail 2) Vertical climbing and leaping a) Hindlimbs longer than forelimbs, long prehensile digits, long lumbar region of vertebral column 3) Brachiation/semibrachiation – monkey bars a) Broad thorax, forelimbs longer than hind, reduced/absent pollex (thumb), mobile shoulder joint, mobile hip join, no tail or long/prehensile in semibrach 4) Suborder strepsirhini a) Rhinarium (wet nose), toothcomb and toilet claw, tapetum lucidum, bicornuate uterus b) Families on slide 5) Suborder haplorhini a) No rhinarium, spatulate incisors (rounded end), simple uterus b) Families on slide |
