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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Caching
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gathering food and storing it elsewhere. Rodents scatter hoard
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Defense - Threat & Appeasement
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T - bare teeth, hiss, stamp
A - show belly, lower head |
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Circadian (3 types)
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24 hr cycle, flexible
nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (dawn & dusk) |
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benefits of Circadian (Temp, Pred, Comp)
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Temp - save E when in Thermal Neutral Zone
Predators - be active when risk is low Competition - avoid using E to compete for resources |
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Sympatric vs. Allopatric
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S - pops. occupy same area, use diff resources/times
A - pops. occupy diff area |
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Circannian rhythms (2 types)
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Temperate - seasonal fluctuations in T & resources available
Tropical - seasonal fluctuations in resources available |
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Migration
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Cost: E, exposure to predators
Benefit: better access to food/protection from predators/finding a mate |
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Hibernation
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torpor by decrease in food/T
C: E stored before, vulnerable, waking risk B:Net E savings by decreasing metabolic rate |
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Activity rhythms (2 types)
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Endogenous - innate, product of chem/phys
Exogenous - environment info, daylight/T cycle |
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Communication
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sender alters behavior of receiver
Visual, Auditory,Chemical, Tactile |
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Visual communication
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Stripes for escape, recognition, warning. white rump signals danger
Facial expressions - zebra ear position for message, mouth for intensity Body Posture - dogs |
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Acoustic communication
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maintain contact in forests/ocean
send warnings, mark territory, recognition |
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Tactile communication (2 types)
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Precopulatory - engage in sex
Grooming - reinforce bond |
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Olfactory communication (2 chemicals)
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Pheromone - airborne chemical to elicit response from conspecifics (same species individual)
Allomone - same, elicit from different species |
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Flehmen behavior
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Open mouth sniff to draw odors over vomeronasal organ
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Group Living Benefits
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reduce pred exposure, co-op food search, huddling, territory defense, mate access, young learning
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Group Living Costs
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Increase resource comp, conspicuous, increase disease, infanticide, care others offspring
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Group Living Themes
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Mother/baby unit, matrilineal (groups of females), polygyny
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Co-op rearing of young
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rare
females nurse other babies alpha female has young, others cater 'pseudopregnant' mongoose |
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Coalition vs. Alliance
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C - short term, 2 work to defeat another
A - long term, 2+ vs a third party |
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Selfish Herd
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by moving closer to a herd, an individual lowers chances of being caught
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Inclusive Fitness
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reproductive success of own (DF) and relative's (IDF) offspring
Siblings, Parent - 1/2 Uncle, nephew - 1/4 1st cousins - 1/8 |
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Hamilton's Rule
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b/c > 1/r
r=coeff of relatedness benefit to the recipient cost to the altruist |
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3 factors of Inclusive Fitness
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familiarity - grew up together
phenotype - template odors genetic |
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Reciprocal Altruism
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1) Need pair to persist 2) Receiver B must exceed donor C 3) Donor must not help cheaters
Factors:life span, dispersal rate, mutual dependence Bats will share food if associated or related mostly |
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Social complexity
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increases with open habitats, dietary flexibility, & body size
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Eusociality
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conc but dependable resource
limited time to burrow to new resources high relatedness in burrow high pred risk to leave |
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Recognition genese
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Greenbeard effect - recognize others with same genes, pref for green beards
Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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Alarm calls of ground squirrels
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Females related, more likely to call than males.
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Ecological Constraints Model
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environment restrict chances for indivs to breed independently
a stable, predictable environment with parents might yield more fitness than an unpredictable environment where resources are absent |
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Naked mole rates Eusocial
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Unpredictable environment, patchy food resources, need many diggers, high dispersal costs (predation), in lab prefer to mate with unrelated individuals, inbreeding result of coloniality than a cause of it
Genetic: high coeff or r Behavioral: parental manipulation/care, overlapping generations Ecological: clumped food resources, low reprod success of solitary species, predation pressure, scarce nest sites |
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Symbiosis vs. Mutualism vs. Commensalism vs. Parasitism
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S - living together
M - both benefit C - 1 benefit, 1 neutral P - 1 benefit, 1 negative |
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Microparasites vs. Macroparasites
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Mi - smaller, rapid regen times within host, virus/bacteria/protistans/fungi
Ma - larger, longer regen, dont reproduce entirely in one host, worms/arthropods |
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Endoparasites vs. Ectoparasites
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Ecto:ease of dispersal, safe from immune. natural enemies, environment, feeding hard.
Endo: ease of feeding, protect from ext envi, safer from enemies. vulnerable to immune, dispersal hard |
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Direct Mortality
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Parasites kill if 1)intermediate host dies to transfer to definitive 2) doesnt risk wiping out entire population 3)accidental host
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Coevolution (example)
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Europe rabbit and Myxoma virus
Killed 99% of AUS rabbits, remaining bred resistant. Next used rabbit hemorrhagic disease |
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Nonmortality effects on host for parasitism
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Increase E spent, decrease E gained, Decrease migration, home range, reproduction, growth, survival of offspring, altered behavior
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Host-parasite Coevolution
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reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species
Adaptations: synchrony of life cycles, evade host immune, histories mimic each other |
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Parasite specificity
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limited to specific host
Based on microhabitat, feeding mode of parasite, ecology of host (esp for hosts that only transmit parasites), specific co-evolutionary adaptations Myobiini parasitize eutherians More experience leads to lower lethality |
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Protistans
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single cell
Giardia lamblia – most prevalent in humans, contagious by dogs/sheep/etc, intestinal disorders, most show no symptoms, in poor water treatment. Beaver fever |
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Platyhelminthes:
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flatworms, common, multiple hosts
Tapeworm: ribbon, intestines, 1-2 intermediate hosts, undercooked meat, meters long, passed through feces, sometimes promote predation of host Schistosomiasis (blood fluke) – severe organ damage |
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Nematode
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round worm, major effects on humans
Trichenella: wild carns and rodents, undercooked meat, small percent are serious |
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Arthropods
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fleas ticks, mice, mites, flies, mosquitoes
intermediate, definitive hosts for prosistans, platty, and nematods, often not affected |
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Diseases
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clinical condition observed
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Vector
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carrier of viruses to humans, the disease caused by microparasites (not vector)
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Zoonoses (vector)
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diseases transmitted from nonhuman to human
Plague: fleas vector, bacteria multiply in flea gut (blocked), flea bites human, regurgitates infected blood into human Forms buboes – swollen lymph gland; internal bleeding and necrosis of tissue; turns black Bubonic – lymph infection, 25-50% Septicemic – in blood, 100% Pneumonic – lungs, 100% |
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Pandemic
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large scale outbreaks over large areas
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Rabies
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RNA virus, bites, nerves/spinal/brain, 30-90 days, 100% death if symptomatic, reservoir: raccoons most
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Anthrax
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– from cattle, bacteria form spores (dormant) until suitable host
Cutaneous (skin) intestinal (ingestion) inhalation orophyaryngeal (in mouth) |
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Spongiform Encephalopathies
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Caused by prions (small prots of nervous tissue)
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Hemorrhagic fevers (3 kinds)
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rna viruses
hantavirus: Ebola SARS: |
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Prion diseases
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Cell prots associated with synaptic function, large vacuoles in the brain leads to loss of motor control, dementia, paralysis, death. Mad Cow (eat infected tissue, cattle host), Chronic Wasting
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Hantavirus
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200K/yr, rodent saliva/excretion, inhaled as aerosol, bites, 35% mortality
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Ebola
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ever, aches, internal bleeding, person-person,50-90%
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SARS
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virus leads to fever, aches, pneumonia, 10%
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