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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does ureteritis cystica predispose some to?
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Ureteritis cystica is a manifestation of chronic inflammation. Predispose to bladder adenocarcinoma.
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What is the most common complication of retroperitoneal fibrosis?
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Hydronephrosis is the most common complication. May also cause right scrotal varicocele (obstruction of the right spermatic vein into the vena cava).
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What failed in development that leads to exstrophy of the bladder?
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Failure of the anterior abdominal wall and bladder. Bladder is exposed to the body surface. Associated with epispadias. RF for adenocarcinoma of the bladder.
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Urachal cyst is a remnant of what?
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Allantois. Urachus/allantois drains nitrogenous waste from fetus to mother in utero.
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1. What are the RF for acute cystitis?
2. What causes (pathogens) acute cystitis? |
1. Female, indwelling catheter (most common cause of sepsis in hospital), sexual intercourse, DM, neurogenic bladder, cyclophosphamide, Schistosoma hematobium.
2. E. coli (85%), Adenovirus (hem. cystitis), Staph. saprophyticus (young sexually active women), Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, N. gonorrhea. |
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Women presents with dysuria, increased frequency, urgency, suprapubic discomfort, and gross hematuria. Diagnosis? Whats the gold standard for diagnosing?
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LUT infections (bladder, urethra). > 10^5 colony-forming units.
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What is sterile pyruria?
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Neutrophils in the urine and negative standard culture after 24 hours. Positive leukocyte esterase, negative nitrite. Causes: Chlamydia trachomatis, renal tuberculosis.
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What causes Malacoplakia?
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Chronic E. coli infection of the bladder. Yellow, raised mucosal plaques. Foamy macrophages.
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1. What is the most common cause of bladder diverticula?
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1. BPH.
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Risk factors for TCC.
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Smoking, workers in dye/rubber/leather, aniline, cyclophophamide, arsenic exposure, beer (nitrosamines), S. hematobium.
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What country is SCC of the bladder abnormally high?
Where are the eggs of S. hematobium located in the bladder? |
Egypt.
Urinary bladder venous plexus. |
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Whats the pathogenesis of the development of SCC due to S. hematobium?
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Type II hypersensitivity. IgE attach to eggs, activate eosinophils, eosinophils release MBP which causes chronic bladder irritation - squamous metaplasia - dysplasia - SCC,
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What are the risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the bladder?
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Urachal remnants, cystitis glandularis, exstrophy of the bladder.
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What is the most common sarcoma in children?
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Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Boys: urethra. Girls: vagina.
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