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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main components of the male reproductive system?
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testes, excretory ducts, accessory glands, and penis
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Name the excretory ducts
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rete testes, efferent ductiles, epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
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Name the accessory glands
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seminal vesicles, prostrate glan, bulbourethral glands, glands of Littre
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What are the layers surrounding the testes?
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scrotum, tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, mediastinim
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What are the components of the tunica vaginalis?
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visceral and parietal serous membranes
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What are the components of the tunica albuginea?
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dense irregular CT surrounding the testis
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Where is the rete testes found?
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in mediastinum (posterior expansion of tunica albuginea)
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How many lobules are in each testis?
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250
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What are the components of the testicular parenchyma?
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seminiferous tubules, leydig cells
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How many seminiferous tubules per lobule?
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1-4
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What do seminiferous tubules produce?
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spermatozoa
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What do leydig cells produce?
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androgens, esp testosterone
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What are the primary functions of the seminiferous tubules?
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reproductive, hormone production
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What cells comprise the reproductive fxn of sem. tubules?
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germ cells (& precursors), sertoli cells
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What are spermatogonia?
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stem cells capable of dividing mitoticaly to produce more spermatogonia or entering meiosis to become primary spermatocytes
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What are secondary spermatocytes?
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not easily distinguished from other germ cells, in maturation division of meiosis
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What are spermatids?
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post-meiotic/haploid cells, in process of spermiogenesis
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What are spermatogozoa?
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male gamete
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What is the progression of germ cells?
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spermatogonia (prim spermatocytes), secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
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How is synchronization of meiotic division among germ cells?
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cytokinesis is incomplete, leaving intercellular bridges between each germ cell
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What are the steps in spermiogenesis?
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condensation of nucleus, reduction of cytoplasm volume, formation of an acrosome, formation of the flagellum
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Where are spermatogonia located?
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peripherally in tubule (basal compartment)
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Where are primary spermatocytes through spermatozoa located?
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more centrally in tubule (adluminal compartment). development always proceeds in direction of the central lumen of each tubule
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Where is the blood-testis barrier?
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between adluminal and basal compartments
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What forms blood-testis barrier?
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cytoplasmic extensions of Sertoli cells
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What are the steps in spermiogenesis?
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condensation of nucleus, reduction of cytoplasm volume, formation of an acrosome, formation of the flagellum
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Where are spermatogonia located?
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peripherally in tubule (basal compartment)
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Where are primary spermatocytes through spermatozoa located?
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more centrally in tubule (adluminal compartment). development always proceeds in direction of the central lumen of each tubule
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Where is the blood-testis barrier?
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between adluminal and basal compartments
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What forms blood-testis barrier?
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cytoplasmic extensions of Sertoli cells
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What is the function of Sertoli cells?
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provide the framework of the seminiferous tubules within which the spermatogenic cells reside.
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What do Sertoli cells produce during embryogenesis?
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Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF)
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What is the function of MIF?
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inhibits development of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts in the male
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How long do Sertoli cells divide mitotically?
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up to 4-5 yrs old
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How many gametogenic cells are in direct contact with Sertoli cells?
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all
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Describe the nucleus of Sertoli cell
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located basally, often triangular shaped and prominent nucleolus
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What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells?
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FSH
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What are the only cells in males that have receptors for FSH?
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Sertoli cells
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What are the 6 functions of Sertoli cells?
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Nutritive support for the gametogenic cells, Formation of the blood-testis barrier (= tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells), Phagocytosis, Synthesis and secretion of inhibin, Synthesis of androgen-binding protein (ABP), Aromatization of androgen to estrogen.
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What forms compartmentalization in seminiferous tubules?
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tight jxns btween adjacent sertoli cells
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What are interstitial cells found single or as small clusters of cells between seminiferous
tubules? |
Leydig cells
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What do Leydig cells synthesize and secrete?
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androgens, esp testosterone
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What are 4 features of Leydig cells?
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Eosinophilic cytoplasm (numerous cristi and abundant SER), Reinke crystals, increase w/ disease or age, stimulated by LH
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What are Reinke crystals?
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elongated cytoplasmic crystalline structures in Leydig cells, function unknown, increase in number w/ age. FEATURE of 50% of all Leydig cell tumors
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What is a characteristic of 50% of all Leydig cell tumors?
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Reinke crystals
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Describe tubuli recti
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short segment of the tubules lined only by Sertoli cells and no spermatogenic cells
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Sertoli cells are replaced with
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shorter cuboidal cells of the rete testes
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What are 3 features of rete testes?
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Irregular system of channels within the mediastinum. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. Interstitial spaces filled with highly vascular CT.
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What are 3 features of efferent ductiles?
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Approximately 10-12 short
ducts connecting the rete testes with the epididymus. Lined by simple cuboidal + columnar cells (= irregular luminal profile). Cuboidal cells = secretory; columnar cells = ciliated. Thin band of circularly arranged smooth muscle surrounding each duct. |
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What are 4 features of the epididymus?
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Long, highly coiled duct. Proximally = tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia. Distally = short pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia. Increasingly thicker, circular smooth muscle layer. Sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle layer.
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What type of epithelium lines epididymus proximally?
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TALL Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia.
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What type of epithelium lines epididymus distally?
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SHORT PSCE w/ stereocilia.
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What are the primary fxns of the epididymus?
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Functional maturation of spermatozoa. Decapacitation of spermatozoa (= binding of specific proteins to the sperm’s surface). Storage of spermatozoa.
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What type of epithelium is found in vas deferens?
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Short pseudostratified columnar epithelium; short stereocilia.
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What are the layers of muscle in the vas deferens?
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longitudinal, circular, longitudinal
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What causes mucosal folding of the vas deferens?
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contraction of smooth muscle
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What is the ampulla of vas deferens?
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dilation distally
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What type of innervation does the smooth muscle of vas deferens receive?
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sympathetic
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What is the fxn of ejaculatory duct?
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connect ampulla of vas deferens with prostatic urethra
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Where is the ejaculatory duct located?
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Entirely embedded within prostate gland
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What epithelium lines ejaculatory ducts?
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simple cuboidal
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What systems does the male urethra contribute to?
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urinary and reproductive
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What are the major sections of the male urethra?
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prostatic, membraneous, penile
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What epithelium lines the major sections of the male urethra
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prostatic - transitional, membraneous - pseudostratified columnar, penile - pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous at glans penis
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Where are the 3 divisions of the urethra located?
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prostatic - w/in prostate gland, membraneous - w/in UG diaphragm, penile - w/in corpus spongiousum
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Describe the structure of the penis
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3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue enclosed in a dense fibroelastic CT tube
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What are the cylindrical masses of the penis?
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corpora cavernosa (paired), corpus spongiosum + glans penis
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What is erectile tissue?
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a fibrous network of trabecula enclosing vascular spaces known as
venous sinusoids or lacuna. The venous sinusoids are supplied by highly coiled helicine arterioles. |
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What epithelium lines the major sections of the male urethra
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prostatic - transitional, membraneous - pseudostratified columnar, penile - pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous at glans penis
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Where are the 3 divisions of the urethra located?
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prostatic - w/in prostate gland, membraneous - w/in UG diaphragm, penile - w/in corpus spongiousum
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Describe the structure of the penis
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3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue enclosed in a dense fibroelastic CT tube
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What are the cylindrical masses of the penis?
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corpora cavernosa (paired), corpus spongiosum + glans penis
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What is erectile tissue?
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a fibrous network of trabecula enclosing vascular spaces known as
venous sinusoids or lacuna. The venous sinusoids are supplied by highly coiled helicine arterioles. |
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What are seminal vesicles?
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sac-like glands attached and draining into the ampulla of vas deferens
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What epithelium lines seminal vesicles?
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pseuodostratified columnar
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What causes variation in epithelial cell height of seminal vesicles?
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changes in androgen environment
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Epitheliel secretion contributes up to ___ % volume of ejaculate
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70
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What are the components of ejaculate?
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fructose, fibrinogen, Vit C, various proteins including enzymes
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Describe smooth muscle in seminal vesicles
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poorly-delineated layering
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What innervates smooth muscle of seminal vesicles?
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sympathetic
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Seminal vesicles do or do not represent a storage sit for spermatozoa
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Do NOT
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Where is the prostate gland located?
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immediately beneath the bladder and above the UG diaphragm
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What are the zones of the prostate gland
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central and peripheral
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What is BPH and where is it located?
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benign prostatic hyperplasia, develops in the central zone
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What % of men w/ BPH have urinary problems?
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10-15%
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Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma normally arise?
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peripheral zone
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Describe parenchyma of prostate gland
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30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands draining into the prostatic urethra via approximately 20 ducts.
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Height of glandular epithelial cells varies according to
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changes in androgen
environment. |
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What does the prostate secrete?
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choline, citric acid and acid phosphatase.
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Prostatic acid phosphate is secreted into
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circulation
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Elevated serum acid phosphatase is a marker for
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prostatic cancer
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What is PSA?
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Prostate specific antigen (PSA) = a protease responsible for liquifaction of semen after ejaculation. Production stimulated by sex steroids, esp. dihydrotestosterone. Elevated with BPH and prostate cancer.
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What causes increased production of PSA?
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sex steroids, esp DHT
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When is PSA elevated?
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BPH and prostate cancer
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Describe the stroma of prostate gland
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fibroelastic CT + isolated smooth muscle fibers
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Describe bulbourethral glands
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aka Cowper's glands. Paired mucus-secreting glands. Located within UG diaphragm. Ducts exit UG diaphragm and drain into the proximal penile urethra.
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Describe Glands of Littre
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Branched tubuloalveolar glands. Secrete lubricating mucus into penile urethra.
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