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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where is malaria endemic to?
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tropics worldwide
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What is the vector for Malaria?
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Anopheles, aedes, culex mosqutios , females only (bitches)
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what is a pupae of a mosquito?
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a non-feeding, surface breathing, transitional stage between a larvae and a flying mosquito
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anopheles likes to breed in what type of water?
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clean
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What has happened since the stop of IRS (Indoor residual spraying) and DDT use?
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huge increase in the number of cases of Malaria
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when a anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal what form of plasmodium can infect the mosquito?
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Gametocytes
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once taken up by the mosuito, gametocytes will mate, then create an oocyst in the midgut of the mosquito, what comes form teh oocysts?
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sporozoites rupture from the oocyst
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What form is Plasmodium in when they can infect a human (when a mosquito bites, what do they expel that infects the human)?
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sporozoites
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after erupting from a oocyst in the midgut of a mosquito, where do the sporozoites travel to to get ready to be passed to a human?
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the salivary gland of the anopheles mosquito
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After the sporozoites enter the human they can infect RBCs at this stage they are called?
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trophozoites
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a trophozoite will begin to grow in the RBC and start to multiply creating many merozoites, at this stage this is called a?
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schizont
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what is specific about P. vivax (phys. char. under microscope)?
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shuffner's dots, RBCs that are infected are enlarged, 12-24 merozoites, 48hr Asexual stage, ameboid trophozoite
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what is specfic about P. malariae (physical char. under microscope)?
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RBCs are normal size, NO schuffers dots, compact trophozoite (band form), 6-12 merozoites, Asexual stage 72hrs
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what is specific about P. ovale (phys. char. under microscope)?
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schuffer's dots, enlarged RBCs, LARGE chromatin mass in tropho, 6-14 merozoites, 48hr Asexual
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What is specific about P. Falciparum (physical char. under microscope)?
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mostly only rings and gametocytes seen in blood, MANY rings, cresent or elongated gametocytes, 6-32 merozoites
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how soon does each plasmodium spp. being to involve the Liver (hepatic stage)
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flaciparum (5-6 days), vivax (8), ovale (9), malariae (15 days)
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which plasmodium spp. have hypnozoites, (relapses)
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vivax and ovale (VO)
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what type of RBCs does falciparum primarily infect?
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all RBCs (but prefer young) - falciParum is a pedophile
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what type of RBCs does vivax and ovale primarily infect?
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reticulocytes
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malariae infects what type of RBCs?
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older
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what drug is a Hepatic schizonticide as well as a hypnozoiticide?
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primaquine
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what are the blood stage schizonticides?
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atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, chloroquine
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Recrudesense is what?
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a persistent bloodstream infection that is not fully killed. then expands to cause clinical illness again (this can occure in any spp.)
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99% of malaria is uncomplicated. what does that mean?
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acute febrile illness, no end organ signs,
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severe malaria is indentified by these clinical manifestations:
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impaired consciousness, respir. distress, convulsions, abnormal bleeding, jaundice, hemoglobinuria
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lab results that suggest severe malaria (when infection is known):
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severe anemia, hypoglycemia, acidosis, renal impairment, hyperlactatemia,
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signs that are a high risk of death from malaria:
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impaired consciousness, respir. distress, severe anemia, Prostrations (inability to sit up or feed)
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cytoadherence of infected RBCs to BV endothelial cells can cause sequestration, which is invovled in what organ dysfunction?
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brain (cerebral malaria, hasa 15-30% mortality)
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in cerebral malaria what are some signs that the patient is close to death?
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coma, extensor posture (decerebrate rigidity), los of pupillary response (perla)
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Signs of severe anemia in malaria:
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pallor, brittle nails, swelling of tongue, cracking of side of mouth, Hemoglobin < 5g/dl, tachycardia, tachypneic,
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what are some signs repiratory distress associtaed with metabolic acidosis?
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abnormal deep breathing, intercoastal recession, nasal flaring
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With Malaria, what is the best predictor of a fatal outcome in both children and adults?
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Metabolic acidosis
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What other type of organ dyfunction resembles cerebral malaria?
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falciparum associated Hypoglycemia, caused by impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis
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what is Algid Malaria?
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hypotensive shock, concurrent bacterial infection, pneumonia
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What is ACTs (Artemisinin combination treatments)?
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short acting Artemisinin derivative and a long acting drug like MQ, CQ, AQ, lumefantrine
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What plasmodium looks very similar to malariae but is much more virulent, and can cause hyperparasitemia and death?
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P. knowlesi
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