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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coagulase Test
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detects presence of catalase enzyme, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
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Coagulase test
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detects presence of coagulase enzyme which binds fibrinogen to form fibrin
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Oxidase test
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detects presence of cytochrome oxidase system
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B- hemolysis
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complete clearing of the red blood cells around the bacterial colony
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alpha- hemolysis
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partial lysis of the cells resulting in a greenish-discoloration around the colony
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gamma- hemolysis
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bacteria have no effect on the red blood cell
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Gram-positive cocci
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Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus
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Gram-positive rods
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Bacillus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Nocardia
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Gram-negative cocci
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Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Moraxella
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Gram-negative rods
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Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Bordatella, Legionella, Pasturella, Francisella, Brucella, and Bartonella
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Enterobactericeae
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Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia
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Opportunist
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Pseudomonas
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Pathogens of human respiratory tract
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Haemophilus, Bordetella, Legionella
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Primarily Pathogens of animals
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Pasturella,, Francisella, Brucella
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Gram-positive anaerobes
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Actinomyces, Clostridium
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Gram-negative anaerobes
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Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas
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Curved Bacteria
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Vibrio, Campylobacter
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Spiral Shaped Bacteria
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Helicobacter
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Spirochetes
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Borrelia, Treponema
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Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
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Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Coxiella
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Staphylococcus
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Gram-positive, cocci, grape-like clusters, facultative anaerobe, catalase-positive, Salt tolerant, Coagualse positive (S. aureus) and Coagulase negative (most are considered normal flora)
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S. aureus
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Coagulase- positive
B-hemolytic major human pathogen |
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Streptococcus
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Gram-positive cocci
pairs or chains Facultative anaerobes catalase-negative lancefield antibodies to cell wall carbs are used to classify some are pathogenic while others are part of normal flora |
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Enterococcus
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gram-positive cocci in chains
catalase negative lancefield group D antigen-positive tolerant to NaCl and to bile salts part of normal gastrointestinal flora frequent nosocomial infections antibiotic resistance |
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Bacillus
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Large, gram positive spore forming rods in chains
aerobic members of this genus cause anthrax and food poisoning most have little to no pathogenic potential |
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Listeria
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short, gram-positive non spore forming rods
will grow at lower temperature facultative aerobes facultative intracellular displays tumbling l. monocytogenes is the only pathogen |
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Cornyebacterium
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Gram-positive
club-shaped non-spore forming rods aerobic C. diptheriae is the causative agent of diptheria |
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Nocardia
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Gram-positive
filamentous branching aeorbic, slow growing weakly acid fast found in soil and water infection in immunocompromised |
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Neisseria
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Gram-negative
cocci in pairs (kissing kidney beans) typically found in PMN cells (facultative intracellular) aerobic, grows best on chocolate agar in atmosphere containing CO2 Ferments glucose oxidase positive both pathogenic and non-pathogenic colonize mucosal surfaces |
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N. gonorrhea
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ferments glucose only
causes genital infections and eyesight-threatening conjuctivitis |
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N. meningitides
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ferments glucose and maltose
causes meningitis |
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Acinetobacter
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Cocco-bacillary
strictly aerobic does not ferment carbohydrates oxidase negative, non motile widely distributed in soil and water frequently resistant to antibiotics important nosocomial pathogens |
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Moraxella
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small gram-negative coccobacilli
strictly aerobic oxidase-positive, non-motile do not ferment carbs normal upper respiratory flora cause otitis media, bacterimia, meningitis, and other infections |
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Enterobactericiae
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Large, non spore forming gram-negative rods
ferment glucose oxidase negative facultative anaerobes or aerobes GI tract of human and animals complex antigenic structure produce endotoxins |
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Escherichia
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Enterobactericeae
Ferment lactose motile causes UTI, gastroenteritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, appendicitis, peritonitis, gall bladder infections, septicemia, neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis |
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Klebsiella
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Entrobactericeae
Ferments lactose non-motile mucoid colonies due to polysaccharide capsule can cause pneumonia, UTI or GI tract infection, many infections are hospital acquired |
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Serratia
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Enterobactericeae
ferment lactose DNAse positive some stains produce a characteristic red pigment important nosocomial pathogen |
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Enterobacter
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Enterobactericeae
ferments lactose motile opportunistic pathogens |
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Proteus
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Highly motile, display swarming motility
Do not ferment lactose produce urease and H2S common cause of UTI, urease produced by Proteus spp. lowers the pH of urine causing formation of stones |
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Salmonella
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Do not ferment Lactose
produce H2S motile many serotypes transmitted from animals and animal products via the oral route can cause enteritis, systemic infection and enteric fever |
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Shigella
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Does not ferment lactose
non-motile natural habitat is limited to GI of humans Causes bacillary dysentery, infections almost always limited to GI tract |
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Yersinia
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Enterobacteria
short pleomorphic gram-negative rod exhibits bipolar staining does not ferment lactose motile except for Y. pestis animals and rodents are important reservoirs for Yersinia spp. Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague Y. enerocolitica and Y. psetudotuberculosis are important causes of diarrheal diseases |
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Pseudomonas
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Important opportunist
do not ferment glucose oxidase positive motile by means of polar flagella occurs widely soil, water, plants and animals frequently a nosocomial pathogen can colonize human sand cause infections in hosts w/ compromised defenses resistant to many antimicrobials causes infections in wounds and burns, meningitis, UTI, respiratory infections, sepsis and other infections |
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Haemophilus
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Small, gram-negative, pleomorphic bacilli
fastidious media containing factor X and factor V for growth (chocolate agar) part of normal flora of upper resp. tract and mouth H. influenzae was an important cause of meningitis in children pathogenic haemophilus spp. can also cause endocarditis, conjuctivitis, and chancroid |
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Bordetella
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small, gram-negative coccobacilli that grow singly or in pairs
fastidious requires special media containing blood and charcoal to absorbents and/or neutralize to remove inhibitory substances highly communicable, transmitted person to person causes whooping cough vaccine available |
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Legionella
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Gram-negative rods that stain poorly by gram stain
fastidious and slow growing requires BCYE and grow w/i 3-5 days facultative intracellular organism temp ranges 4-55 C ubiwuitous in warm, moist environments transmission via inhalation causes legionnaire's disease |
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Pasturella
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small coccobacillus
do not ferment glucose oxidase positive normal flora in wild and domestic animals causes cellulitis or abscess subsequent to a cat or dog bite or scratch |
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Francisella
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Small gram negative pleomorphic rods
fastidious, requires cysteine highly infectious, inhalation facultative intracellular organisms can be transmitted by consumption of contaminated food or water by inhalation of aerosols through bitting arthropods or by contact w/ infected animal tissue causes tularemia |
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Brucella
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facultative intracellular organism, obligate parasites of animals and humans
gram negative coccobacillary rods fastidious required enriched media and require extended time to grow transmission occurs via contact w/ animals cause brucellosis |
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Bartonella
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Pleomorphic gram negative rods
slow growing and difficult to isolate in lab can be detected in tissues using a warthin-starry silver impregnation stain falcultative intracellular organism cause oroya fever and verruga peruana, trench fever, cat scratch disease |
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Actinomyces
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Gram-positive branching rods
facultative anaerobe that prefers anaerobic conditions non-acid fast soil organisms normal flora of gingival crevices and female genital tract disease arises from tissue damage that allows the organism to penetrate |
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Clostridium
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Large, gram-positive spore-forming rods
anaerobic saprophytic organisms found in the soil or intestinal tract of humans and animals pathogenic members of the species cause tetanus, gas gangrene and food poisoning |
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Bacteroides
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can appear as slender rods or coccobacilli
gram-negative anaerobes normal inhabitants of human colon cause disease when they gain access to tissues or blood during bowel penetration major player in infection is B. fragilis drug resistance is common |
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Prevotelle, Porphyromonas
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pigmeneted gram-negative anaerobes
normal flora that can cause infection |
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Vibrio
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curved gram-negative rods
motile, via a polar flagellum some require salt to grow oxidase-positive widely distributed in nature, most common bacteria in surface waters cause GI infections, including cholera |
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Campylobacter
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curved, gram-negative rods (gull-wing shape)
motile, via polar flagellum requires an atmosphere w/ reduced O2 and CO2 cultures should be incubated at 42C to prevent growth of other bacteria present in feces oxidase positive infection is acquired orally via consumption of food or water or contact w/ infected animals common cause of diarrhea in humans |
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Helicobacter
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gram-negative spiral shaped bacteria
motile, multiple flagella at one pole strong producer of urease H. pylori is known to cause peptic ulcer disease |
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Spirchetes (general characteristic)
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gram-negative flexible, helical shaped bacteria
helically shaped protoplasmic cylinder multilayered outer membrane surrounding protoplasmic cylinder periplasmic flagella positioned in periplasmic space (endoflagellum) not reliably detected by gram stain, can be visualized using dark-field microscopy or fluorescent antibody staining |
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Treponema
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has never been cultured
lab diagnosis relies on microscopy or serology T. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis |
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Borrelia
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arthropod-transmitted spirochetes
B. burdorferi cause lyme disease other Borrelia spp. are the causative agents for tick borne or endemic relapsing fevers |
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Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
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gram-negative bacteria
have an inner and rigid outer membrane that lacks peptidogylcan lack mechanisms for production of ATP and NAD Organism has an elementary body and a reticulate body Diagnosis through serology, culture, florescent antibody staining and/or gene probes can cause pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases and eye infections |
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Elementary bodies
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environmentally stable infectious particles that are metabolically inert and can attach to host cells
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Reticulate bodies
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metabolically active forms of the organism they undergo binary fission to produce more elementary bodies
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Rickettsia
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Obligate intracellular pathogens that are arthropod borne
multiply in endothelial cells of small blood vessels and produce capillary leakage and vasculitis escape into cytosol, multiply and spread into other endothelial cells cause rocky mountain spotted fever, scrub typhus and other disease |
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Ehrlichia and Anaplasm
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infect leukocytes and multiply w/i phagocytic vaculoles orgaisms divide to form membrane-bound colonies called morulae
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum
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causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and is transmitted by contact w/ ixodes ticks
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Ehrlichia chaffeensis
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causes human monocyte ehrlichiosis and is transmitted by contact w/ the lone star tick
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Coxiella
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zoonosis that is widespread in animals found in cattle, sheep, goats, and cats among others, found in placenta, mammary glands and mild
killed by pasteurization but is resistant to drying and can survive for months in dried feces of milk causative agent of Q fever |
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Mycoplasma
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smallest extracellular bacteria
fried egg appearance lack a cell wall, but have a triple layered unit membrane that contains sterols, require sterols for growth highly pleomorphic extremely sensitive to environmental conditions extremely fastidious normal inhabitants of human mucous membranes, particularly the genital, urinary, and respiratory tracts exception m. pneumoniae can cause pneumonia as well as genitourinary infections completely resistant to b-lactam antibiotics |
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Mycobacteria
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small, straight rods, stain poorly
waxy cell envelope cell wall contains mycolic acids acid fast bacteria resistant to chemical agents to drying and to germicides oblicate aerobes that are very slow growing w/ a doubling time over 18 hours some members infect healthy individuals, and others are opportunistic pathogens pathogenic members of the genera include M. tuberculosis, M. avium-intracellulare, M. leprae and others |
