Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What causes amnesia and what are the symptoms of it? |
1. Damage to the hippocampus and the connected input/output structures 2. profound memory loss, intact intelligence and spared cognitive ability |
|
|
Give 3 impairments and 3 spared abilities in the patient Clive Wearing. |
Impairments: - has zero episodic memories - confusion - emotional behaviour - has a twitch
Spared: - normal perception - has semantic memory - other cognitive abilities - can still sight-read music and conduct |
|
|
What caused Clive Wearing's memory loss? |
He suffered viral encephalitis which bilaterally destroyed his temporal lobe almost completely. |
|
|
In patients with anterograde amnesia, (can't form new memories), what other implicit methods of learning can still be used? |
1. perceptual-motor skills (e.g. mirror learning) 2. classical conditioning 3. priming |
|
|
What is the break down of the LTS and its two components? |
LTS > Explicit memory > episodic and semantic Implicit memory > procedural, priming, and conditioning |
|
|
What are explicit and implicit memory and how are they measured differently? |
Explicit memory is memory for events; what where and when something happened. Implicit memory is general knowledge and can't be temporally placed.
Explicit > recall Implicit > performance |
|
|
Describe anterograde amnesia symptoms: |
Can't form new memories Affects both episodic and semantic memory |
|
|
Describe retrograde amnesia symptoms: |
Loss of episodic memory Spared semantic memory |
|
|
What is developmental amnesia? |
Vargha-Khadem et al. (1997) found that hippocampal damage obtained early in life or from birth results in spared immediate recall but impairments after delays.
i.e. Impaired episodic but spared semantic memory (OK IQ, reading and digit span) |
|
|
What evidence is there against the suggestion that spared semantic memory in amnesia is a result of these memories having been rehearsed a number of times, unlinks episodic memories? |
1. Patient KC could remember the difference between stalagmites and stalactites but not a well reported news story of a multi-day evacuation of his home town
|
|
|
What is semantic dementia characterised by? |
- Semantic memory impairments (e.g. picture naming, naming from description, picture/word matching and properties)
- Gradual degradation of knowledge from fine details to large concepts.
- Intact WM and problem solving abilities as well as much autobiographical information |
|
|
Where is episodic memory stored? |
Hippocampus |
|
|
Where is semantic memory stored? |
Neocortex- specifically the temporal lobe |
|
|
Which brain areas are responsible for the following semantic distinctions in memory: 1. living vs. non-living 2. fruit and veg vs. animals 3. tools vs. actions 4. face vs. place |
1. IT (inferotemporal cortex) 2. occipitotemporal 3. PMC and parietal cortex 4. FFA and PPA |
|
|
Explain how Kelley et al. (1998) used neuroimaging to investigate content-specific episodic encoding |
1. Participants are given information and told to remember it for a test later. 2. Controls are just given the information with no memory requirement 3. Subtract the activity of those just looking at the items from those encoding the items into memory. Results: activity is seen in the hippocampus and MTL during learning with lateralised effects Words: left activation > right activation Faces: right activation > left activation Objects: less strong R > L |
|
|
What is 'difference due to memory'? |
The neurological activity of the MTL during encoding is different for items that are later forgotten compared to those that are remembered. |
|
|
Describe Chadwisk et al.'s (2010) experiment investigating the extent to which memory content can be deduced from MTL activity. |
1. Used fMRI pattern classification techniques to train computers to recognise particular patterns of activity during encoding. 2. Tested whether the content of memory could be deduced by comparing encoding patterns with MTL activity during retrieval.
Results: activity in the MTL (Hc) is predictive of what type of information is being remembered. |
|
|
What brain areas are active during semantic retrieval of word and picture memories? |
1. activity in the MTL, the sort of regions atrophied in SD 2. evidence of fractionation within semantic memory - there are cortical representations of different types of general knowledge |
