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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What electrolyte does the low volume state have?
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⬆total Na, ⬇serum Na (dilutional effect), ⬇Cl, ⬇K
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2. What pH does the low volume state have?
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Alkalotic (except diarrhea, Renal Tubular Acidosis RTA type II, and DKA) because Aldosterone dumps H+.
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3. What pH do vomiters have?
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Alkalotic bc you vomit out H+.
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4. What pH does diarrhea have?
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Acidosis bc stool has bicarb.
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5. What disease when pulse ⬆>10 on standing?
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Hypovolemic shock
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6. What disease when pulse ⬇<5 on standing.
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Autonomic dysfunction
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7. What are the symptoms of low energy state?
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- CNS: mental retardation
- CVS: heart failure, pericardial effusion - MSK: weakness, SOB, vasodilation, impotence, urinary retention, constipation. - Rapidly dividing cells |
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8. What are the most common SIGNS of the low energy state?
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Dyspnea & Tachypnea.
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9. What are the most common SYMPTOMS of the low energy state?
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Weakness & SOB.
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10. What are the most common infection of LES?
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UTI (UA) and Respiratory (C-XR).
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11. What is the MCC of death in the LES?
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Heart failure
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Explain all obstructive lung disease.
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Obstructive = airway problem (bacterial)
- Big mucus filled lungs (⬆RV, ⬆Reid Index = ⬆Airway thickness/ Airway lumen) - Trouble breathing out: FEV1/FVC <0.8 - ABG: ⬆pCO2 = ⬆RR, ⬇pH - Die of bronchiecstatis - Ex: COPD - Tx: Manipulate rate on ventilator, ⬆RR, ⬆Respiratory time, ⬆O2 if needed (to prevent free radical damage) |
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12. Explain all restrictive lung disease
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Restrictive = interstitial problem (non-infectious/bacterial)
- Small stiff lungs (⬇Vital Capacity) - Trouble breathing in (FEV1/FVC>0.8) - Arterial Blood Gas ABG: ⬇pO2: ⬆RR, ⬇pCO2, ⬆pH - CXR: reticulo-nodular pattern, ground-glass appearance. - Die of cor-pulmonale. - Ex: MSK disease (breathing out is passive), drugs, autoimmune. - Tx: Pressure support on ventilator, ⬆O2, ⬆RR, ⬆inspiratory time. |
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13. What symptoms does a "more likely to depolarize" state have?
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- BRAIN: psychosis, seizure, jittering.
- MSK: spasm, tetany - SM: diarrhea, then constipation - CARDIAC: hypotension, bradycardia. |
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14. What symptoms does a "less likely to depolarize" state have?
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- BRAIN: lethargy, mental status change, depression
- MSK: weakness, SOB. - SM: diarrhea, then constipation. - CARDIAC: hypotension, bradycardia. |
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15. What is the humoral immune response?
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B-cells and PMN's patrol the blood looking for bacteria.
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16. What is the cell-mediated immune response?
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T-cells and Macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria.
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17. What are macrophages called in each area of the body?
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Blood - Monocytes
Brain - Microglia Lung - T1 pneumocyte Liver - Kupffer cells Spleen - RED cells Lymph - Dendritic cells Kidney - Mesangial cells Payers Patch - M cells Skin - Langerhans Bone - Osteoclasts CT: - Histiocytes - Giant cells - Epitheloid cells |
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18. What is the CBC for every vasculitis?
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⬇RBC
⬇Platelet ⬆WBC ⬆T-cell ⬆Macrophages ⬆Schistocytes ⬆ESR |
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19. What is the time course of the inflammatory response?
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1hr - swelling
Day 1 - PMN's shows up Day 3 - PMN's peaks Day 4 - MP/T-cell shows up Day 7 - MP/T-cell peaks, Fibroblasts arrives Day 30 - Fibroblasts peak Month 3-6 - Fibroblasts leave |
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20. What state does estrogen minic?
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The neuromuscular disease state (estrogen is a muscle relaxant).
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21. What does high GABA levels lead to?
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Bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence, and memory loss.
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