Mader Biology Chapter 3 Vocab

Front 1

Adenosine

Back 1

Portion of ATP and ADP that is composed of the base adenine and the sugar ribose.

Front 2

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Back 2

Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP.

Front 3

Amino Acid

Back 3

Organic molecule composed of an amino acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules.

Front 4

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 4

Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy requiring processes in cells.

Front 5

Cellulose

Back 5

Polysaccaride that is the major complex carbohydrate in plant cell walls.

Front 6

Carbohydrate

Back 6

Class of organic compounds that includes monosaccarides, disaccarides, and polysaccarides.

Front 7

Chaperone

Back 7

Moleule that binds to a protein during synthesis and keeps it from making incorrect reactions.

Front 8

Chitin

Back 8

Strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccaride found in exoskeleton of anthropods.

Front 9

Coenzyme

Back 9

Non-protein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.

Front 10

Complementary Base Pairing

Back 10

Hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines in DNA.

Front 11

Dehydration Reaction

Back 11

Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule.

Front 12

Denatured

Back 12

loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

Front 13

Deoxiribose

Back 13

Pentose sugar found in DNA that has one less hydroxyl group than ribose.

Front 14

Disaccharide

Back 14

Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide.

Front 15

DNA (deoxiribonucleic acid)

Back 15

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.

Front 16

Enzyme

Back 16

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speed up a reactionin cells due to particular shape.

Front 17

Fat

Back 17

Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue in vertebrates.

Front 18

Fatty Acid

Back 18

Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.

Front 19

Fiborous Protein

Back 19

Structural protiens that exist as helices or pleated sheetsthat hydrogen-bond to each other.

Front 20

Functional Group

Back 20

Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way.

Front 21

Globular Protein

Back 21

Polypeptide that tends to ball up into rounded shapes. Have a tertiary structure.

Front 22

Glucose

Back 22

Six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration.

Front 23

Glycerol

Back 23

Three-carbon carbohydrate with three hydroxyl groups attached; a component of fats and oils.

Front 24

Glycogen

Back 24

Storage polysaccaride found in animals; composed of glucosemolecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches

Front 25

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Back 25

Iron-containing respitatory pigment occuring in vertabrae red blood cells and in the bloog plasma of some inverabrae.

Front 26

Hexose

Back 26

Six-carbon sugar.

Front 27

Hydrolysis Reaction

Back 27

Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorperated in one fragment and the OH- in the other.

Front 28

Hydrophilic

Back 28

Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Front 29

Hydrophobic

Back 29

Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar.

Front 30

Inorganic Chemistry

Back 30

The chemistry of the non-living world.

Front 31

Isomer

Back 31

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure, and therefore a different shape.

Front 32

Lipid

Back 32

Class of organic compounds that tends to be soluble in non-polar solvents; includes fats and oils.

Front 33

Monomer

Back 33

Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer-- e.g. glucose is a monomer of starch.

Front 34

Monosaccharide

Back 34

Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis-- e.g. glucose

Front 35

Nucleic Acid

Back 35

Polymer of nucleotides; both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.

Front 36

Nucleotide

Back 36

Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Front 37

Oil

Back 37

Triglyceride, usually of plant origin, that is composed of glycerol and three fatty acids and is liquid in consistency due to many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids.

Front 38

Organic Chemistry

Back 38

Chemistry of orgainsms and organic molecules.

Front 39

Organic Molecule

Back 39

Molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, and often contains oxygen as well; organic molecules are associated with living things.

Front 40

Pentose

Back 40

Five-carbon sugar. Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar found in DNA; ribose is the pentose sugar found in RNA.

Front 41

Peptide

Back 41

Two or more amino acids joined together by covalent bonding.

Front 42

Peptide Bond

Back 42

Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids.

Front 43

Phospholipid

Back 43

Molecule that forms the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes has a polar, hydrophilic end bonded to two non-polar, hydrophobic tails.

Front 44

Polymer

Back 44

Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a peptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids.

Front 45

Polypeptide

Back 45

Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Front 46

Polysaccharide

Back 46

polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers.

Front 47

Protein

Back 47

Molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides.

Front 48

Ribose

Back 48

Pentose sugar found in RNA.

Front 49

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 49

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

Front 50

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 50

Fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens possible.

Front 51

Starch

Back 51

Storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains.

Front 52

Steroid

Back 52

Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings-- e.g. cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

Front 53

Triglyceride

Back 53

Neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Front 54

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Back 54

Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears fewer hydrogens than the maximum number possible.

Front 55

Wax

Back 55

Sticky, solid, waterproof lipid consisting of many long-chain fatty acids usually linked to long-chain alcohols