Mader 08 Vocabulary

Front 1

acetyl CoA

Back 1

Molecule made up of a 2-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A. During cellular repiration, the acetyl group enters the citric acid cycle for further breakdown

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alcoholic fermentation

Back 2

Fermentation process that produces ethanol and CO2 from sugars.

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anabolism

Back 3

Metabolic process by which larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones; anabolic matabolism

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anaerobic

Back 4

Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen

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catabolism

Back 5

Metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism

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celllular respiration

Back 6

Metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

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chemiosmosis

Back 7

Ability of certain membranes to use a hydrogen ion gradient to drive ATP formation

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citric acid cycle

Back 8

Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begins with citric acid. It breaks down an acetyl group and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2; also called the Krebs cycle

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cytochrome

Back 9

Any of several iron-containing protein molecules that serve as electron carriers in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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deamination

Back 10

Removal of an amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid or other organic compound

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electron carrier

Back 11

Membrane-bound molecules that pass electrons from higher to lower energy levels during cellular respiration

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electron transport chain

Back 12

Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound electron carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP

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FAD

Back 13

Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that becomes FADH2 as oxidation of substrates occurs, and then delivers electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration

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fermentation

Back 14

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate

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glycolysis

Back 15

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and the end product pyruvate

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lactic acid fermentation

Back 16

Fermentation that produces lactic acid as the sole or primary product

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metabolic pool

Back 17

Metabolites that are the products of and/or the substrates for key reactions in cells, allowing one type of molecule to be changed into another type, such as carbohydrates converted to fats.

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mitochondrion

Back 18

Membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration

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NAD+

Back 19

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH + H+ as oxidation of substrates occurs. During cellular respiration, NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria

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oxidative phophorylation

Back 20

Process by which ATP production is tied to an electron transport system that uses oxygen as the final acceptor; occurs in mitochondria

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oxygen debt

Back 21

Amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid produced anaerobically during strenuous muscle activity

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preparatory reaction

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Reaction that oxidizes pyruvate with the release of carbon dioxide; results in acetyl CoA and connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

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pyruvate

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End product of glycolysis; its further fate, involving fermentation or entry into a mitochondrion, depends on oxygen availability

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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Process in which ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate from a metabolic substrate to ADP