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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the macronutrients?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins |
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What do Macronutrients do?
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1. Provide energy
2. Maintain structure 3. Provide functional integrity |
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What is the basic make up of carbs, lipids, protein, vitamins, and minerals?
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1. Carbs = Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
2. Lipids= Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 3. Proteins= Carbon, Nitrogen, and certain Minerals 4. Mineral do not have Carbon |
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What are the types of Carbs and how many are in each?
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1. Monosaccharides: 1 sugar molecule
2. Disaccharides: 2 sugar molecules 3. Oligosaccharides: 3-9 monosaccharides 4. Polysaccarides: Combination of 10 – thousand sugar molecules, usually glucose |
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What are the monosaccharides?
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1. Glucose
2. Fructose 3. Galactose |
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Glucose
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1. Also called dextrose or blood sugar
2. Used directly by cell for energy 3. Stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver 4. Converted to fat and stored for energy |
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Fructose
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1. Also called fruit sugar
2. Liver converts it to glucose |
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Galactose
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1. Forms milk sugar called galactose
2. The body converts galactose to glucose for energy metabolism |
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What makes up Sucrose?
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1. Glucose + Fructose
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What makes up Lactose?
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1. Glucose and Galactose
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What makes up Maltose?
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1. Glucose +Glucose
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Polysaccharides
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1. Classified into plant and animal categories
2. Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides together |
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What are the types of plant Polysaccharides
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1. Starch
2. Fiber |
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Complex carbohydrates are commonly referred to?
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1. Dietary Starch
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What are the roles of fiber?
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1. Retains considerable water which gives bulk to chyme
2. Exerting a scraping action on the cells of the gut wall 3. Binds or dilutes harmful chemicals 4. Shortens transit time for food residues |
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Glycogen
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1. Synthesized from glucose during glucogenesis
2. Hormones help to regulate blood sugar levels 3. Insulin enables peripheral tissues to take up glucose |
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Glucagon stimulate…
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1. Liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose concentration
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High Blood Glucose
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1. May occur from consuming many foods with high glycemic load
2. May occur due to insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both and results in type 2 diabetes 3. Metabolic syndrome |
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What are the roles of carbs
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2. Energy source
3. Adequate carb intake preserves tissue proteins 4. Metabolic primer/prevents ketosis 5. Fuel for the CNS and rbc |
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What is hypoglycemia?
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1. Low levels of sugar in the blood
2. Can result in weakness, hunger, and dizziness 3. Impairs exercise performance 4. Prolonged an profound hypoglycemia can result in the loss of consciousness and irreversible brain damage |
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Lipid
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1. Is a general term for a heterogeneous group of compounds
2. Their molecules contain the same structural elements as CHO |
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What are some types of Lipids
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1. Oils
2. Fats 3. Waxes |
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What are the three main groups of lipids?
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1. Simple lipids
2. Compound lipids 3. Derived lipids |
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Simple lipids
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• Natural fats: consist primarily of triacylglycerols
• Major storage form of fat in adipose tissue |
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Compound Lipids
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1. Consists of a Triacylglycerol molecule combined with other chemicals
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Derived Lipids
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1. Formed from simple and compound lipids
2. Contain hydrocarbon rings(Cholesterol) |
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Triglycerides
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1. Composed of glycerol and three clusters of fatty acids
2. Most dietary and storage fat is in this form |
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Oils
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1. Contains unsaturated fatty acids
2. Omega-3 family of fatty acids |
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What are the essential fatty acids?
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1. Linoleic acid
2. Alpha- linolenic acid 3. Oleic acid |
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What are the roles of lipids
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1. Energy reserve
2. Protect vital organs 3. Provide insulation from the cold 4. Transport the fat-soluble vitamin A,D,E and K |
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Amino Acids
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1. Body requires 20; body cannot make up 8 of them
2. Building blocks of proteins |
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Complete proteins
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1. Contain the essential amino acids in the quantity and correct ratio to maintain nitrogen valance and allow for tissue growth and repair
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Incomplete proteins
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1. Lacks one or more essential amino acid
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Roles of Proteins
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1. Nervous and connective tissue generally do not participate in energy metabolism
2. A.A alanine plays a role in providing carb fuel via gluconeogenesis during prolonged exercise |
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Protein Metabolism
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1. Protein catabolism accelerates during exercise as carb reserve deplete
2. Athletes who train vigorously must maintain optimal levels of muscle and liver glycogen to minimize lean tissue loss and deterioration in performance 3. Regular exercise training enhances the liver’s capacity to synthesize glucose from carbon skeletons of noncarbohydrates |
