Macro And Micronutrients

Front 1

Macro minerals

Back 1

We need these in larger quantities:
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, electrolytes (Na, K)

Front 2

Micro-minerals

Back 2

We need these in smaller quantities:
Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Fluoride, Iron

Front 3

Where is calcium stored?

Back 3

99% in the bone and teeth
ratio 2:1 with Phosphorus

Front 4

What are the 5 functions of calcium?

Back 4

1) Mineralization of bone as hydroxyapatite
2) In the cell, enegy for muscle contraction (calcium-dependent ATPase)
3) In the cell, nerve signal to muscle to contract: flight or flight hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine) stimulate the release of calcium from the ER into the cytoplasm. Calmodulin binds, activating phosphorylase B to break down glycogen.
4)Nerve transmission (Ca influx) stimulates the release of neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine)
5)Blood coagulation. Active prothrombin included Calcium

Front 5

Fight or flight hormones

Back 5

glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 6

Neurotransmitters

Back 6

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Front 7

How does Calcium impact the bone?

Back 7

Calcium and phosphorus mineralize the bone as hydroxyapatite to add strength to the protein matrix (collagen). (2:1)

Front 8

How does Calcium impact muscle contraction? (2)

Back 8

1) Stimulates the release of CHO stores (glycogen to glucose) in response to fight or flight hormones. Calcium is released from the ER into the cytoplasm of the cell. Calmodulin binds and activates a calcium-dependent enzyme phosphorylase initiating glycogenolysis.
2) Calcium-dependent ATPase provides the energy needed for contraction.

Front 9

What does Calmodulin bind?

Back 9

Phosphorylase B-stimulates glycogenolysis in response to glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine (fight/flight)

Front 10

Osteomalacia

Back 10

Calcium deficiency. Bone demineralization. Calcium is pulled from the bones (99% of Calcium is stored there) to serve other functions.
known as rickets in children

Front 11

Osteoporosis

Back 11

NOT A DEFICIENCY!!!!
Loss of bone mass as we age. Bone mass peaks at 30 years and steadily declines. Loss of minerals AND protein matrix.

Front 12

Food sources of calcium

Back 12

DIARY
milk, cheese, yogurt, fortified foods, broccoli

Front 13

Hypercalcemia

Back 13

calcium toxicity to soft tissue calcification

Front 14

Calcium toxicity

Back 14

kidney stones
hypercalcemia
milk alkali syndrome

Front 15

Function of fluoride

Back 15

strengthens teeth and bones as Fluorapatite

Front 16

Fluoride deficiency

Back 16

dental caries

Front 17

Food sources of fluoride

Back 17

water

Front 18

Fluoride toxicity

Back 18

mottled teeth, not unhealthy

Front 19

Iodine deficiency

Back 19

goiter, creatanism

Front 20

Iodine toxicity

Back 20

None

Front 21

Food sources of iodine

Back 21

seafood and other foods of the sea
iodized salt

Front 22

Function of Iodine

Back 22

Thyroxin (thyroid hormone)

Front 23

Functions of zinc

Back 23

many seemingly unrelated functions.
1) Cofactor of enzymes
2) Ligand for Insulin
3) DNA transcription
4) Immune function
5) Homeostasis

Front 24

Food sources of zinc

Back 24

meats
organ meats
shellfish

Front 25

Zinc deficiency

Back 25

Hypogonadal dwarfism

Front 26

Zinc as a enzyme cofactor

Back 26

alcohol dehydrogenase
carboxypeptidase (PRO metabolism)
Energy metabolism: glycolysis, TCA
superoxide dismutase

Front 27

Zinc and immune function

Back 27

lymphocytes

Front 28

Zinc and Insulin

Back 28

Zinc function as a ligand for insulin while in the pancreas, providing stability prior to release in the blood.

Front 29

Zinc and DNA transcription

Back 29

zinc fingers bind protein to DNA

Front 30

phytates

Back 30

soy products
interferes with zinc and copper absorption

Front 31

oxalates

Back 31

chocolate
swiss cheese
spinach

interferes with zinc absorption

Front 32

Copper and Zinc

Back 32

Absorption is limited in both by phytates (soy)
Zinc interferes with copper absorption
Both zinc and copper are regulated by thioneine
Both are superoxide dismutase cofactors

Front 33

Zinc toxicity

Back 33

eating from cans
Interferes with copper absorption
gray tongue (zinc losenges)
lowers HDL cholesterol

Front 34

Copper function

Back 34

enzyme cofactors:
cytochrome oxidase
dopamine beta hydroxylase
superoxide dismutase

Front 35

superoxide dismutase

Back 35

zinc and copper are both enzyme cofactors

Front 36

Copper and Iron

Back 36

Copper as ceruloplasmin (a ferroxidase in the blood) function in iron transport from liver to tissues

Holds iron in oxidized state (Fe3)

Front 37

Food sources of copper

Back 37

none special

Front 38

Cooper deficiency

Back 38

causes iron deficiency anemia.
memkes kinky hair syndrome
Wilson's disease

Front 39

Copper induced anemia

Back 39

Copper as ceruloplasmin functions in iron transport from liver to tissue.

Front 40

Menkes kinky hair syndrom

Back 40

copper deficiency
genetic, poor copper abs, children do not live long

Front 41

Wilson's disease

Back 41

copper deficiency
No ceruloplasmin, copper accumulates in the tissues

Front 42

Where is iron found functionally?

Back 42

75% in HB and MB
20% in the bone marrow

Front 43

What are the functions of iron? (2)

Back 43

1)ETC, oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor: cytochromes A,B,C (all cell with mitochondria)
2) Many enzymes contain iron
3) bind O2 in HB (portion of RBCs and MB (protein in muscles)

Front 44

How is iron transported in the blood?

Back 44

transferrin

Front 45

How is iron transported within the mucosal cell for transfer to the blood?

Back 45

apotransferrin

Front 46

How is iron transferred from the mucosal cell to the liver?

Back 46

apoferritin

Front 47

Where is iron stored?

Back 47

In the liver as ferritin

Front 48

Iron in the blood stream, in transit to target tissues is known at what?

Back 48

transferrin

Front 49

What are the 3 levels of Iron deficiency?

Back 49

1) depletion: ferritin low
2) deficiency: low transferrin
3) anemia: low HB

Front 50

Describe iron depletion

Back 50

1st stage of iron deficiency.
Iron stores in the liver are being depleted, ferritin (storage form of iron) is low as all iron is sent out to the tissues as transferrin.
Low ferritin is an early stage indicator.

Front 51

Describe iron deficiency

Back 51

2nd stage of iron deficiency
Iron stores in the liver as ferritin are depleted. Transferrin is low.

Front 52

Describe iron deficiency anemia

Back 52

3rd stage of iron deficiency
HB are low. Not enough iron to produce functional HB for RBCs.
Weakness, and fatigue

Front 53

How is iron absorbed?

Back 53

Iron is absorbed by the small intestine in the reduced Fe2 state. Once inside the mucosal cell, iron is oxidized to Fe3, where is can move as apoferritin to the liver for storage as ferritin.
Or iron can travel as apotranferrin within the serosal membrane to the blood for transport to the tissues (BM and cells), complexed as 2-Fe3 as transferrin.

Front 54

Food sources of iron

Back 54

Heme:animal origin (muscle, liver)
Non heme: plants, supplements, fortified foods, enriched foods.

Front 55

How well are Heme sources of iron absorbed?

Back 55

Iron from animal sources are absorbed very well. 20-40%.
Absorption of heme iron is not affected by other components of the diet.

Front 56

How well are Non-heme sources of iron absorbed?

Back 56

Not very well, 1-10%. And is affected by diet.
Vitamin C, and "meat factor" enhances ABS
Calcium, tannins from tea, oxylates and phytates interfere with non-heme iron ABS.
Problem is usually absorption, NOT consumption.

Front 57

Non-heme iron food sources

Back 57

Plants, supplements, fortified foods, enriched foods
raisins, prunes, molasses
cast iron skillet

Front 58

Populations at risk for iron deficiency anemia

Back 58

women, menstration
athletes, pounding, diets
children (too much milk)
vegetariams

Front 59

Iron toxicity

Back 59

hemosiderosis
Rare

Front 60

Hemosiderosis

Back 60

Iron toxicity
As ferritin ages, it becomes misshapen (hemosiderin) and no longer effectively releases stored iron
Iron accumulates, hemosiderosis.

Front 61

How are athletes at risk for iron deficiency anemia?

Back 61

Dilution effect.
As athletes condition their bodies, their blood volume increases to carry more oxygen for work.
Blood volume increases more quickly than RBCs so hematocrit and HB appear low (false positive).
Look for signs and symptoms of FUNCTIONAL deficiency

Front 62

What are the function of water? (4)

Back 62

1) dissipation of heat
2) medium of the cell (cytoplasm)
3) cellular support (interstitial fluid)
4) transports nutrient to the cell and wastes away

Front 63

Intracellular fluid

Back 63

water inside the cell, cytoplasm

Front 64

Interstitial fluid

Back 64

water surrounding the cell, eyeballs and CSF

Front 65

What are the three main electrolytes?

Back 65

sodium (OUTside of cell)
choride (OUTside of cell)
potassium (INside of cell)

Front 66

What are the functions of the electrolytes

Back 66

Nerve transmission
Nerve impulses

Front 67

What are three examples of fluid imbalances?

Back 67

Sweating
Diarrhea
Vomiting

Front 68

Describe sweating.

Back 68

Evaporative cooling
Water and sodium is lost, blood becomes concentrated.
Small sips, gut to blood, blood volume increases

Front 69

How many pints of water are lost for each pound of body weight?

Back 69

1 pint

Front 70

When does dehydration kick in?

Back 70

2% loss of body weight

Front 71

When does the thirst mechanism kick in?

Back 71

2% loss of body weight

Front 72

Diarrhea

Back 72

loss of sodium

Front 73

Vomiting

Back 73

loss of chloride (HCL in stomach acid)

Front 74

Food sources of potassium

Back 74

bananas, oranges, OJ

Front 75

Diuretics in beverages

Back 75

caffiene, alcohol

Front 76

Hyponatremia

Back 76

low concentration of sodium in the blood.
Brain swelling, life threatening
Common in marathoners.