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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE 5 |
TRAJECTORY MAXIMUM ORDINATE CONE OF FIRE BEATEN ZONE DANGER SPACE |
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TRAJECTORY
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The trajectory is the path of the round in flight
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WHEN DOES THE ROUND CURVE AT flat at ranges
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300 meters
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MAXIMUM ORDINATE
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Maximum ordinate is the highest point of the trajectory between the muzzle of the weapon and thebase of the target.
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WHEN DOES MAX ORDINATE OCCUR
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It occurs about two-thirds of the distance from the weapon to the target. The maximumordinate increases as the range increases |
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CONE OF FIRE
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When several rounds are fired in a burst from any machine gun, each round follows a slightlydifferent trajectory. The pattern these rounds form on the way to the target is called the "cone of fire"
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BEATEN ZONE
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is the elliptical pattern formed on the ground or target by thestriking rounds. The length of the beaten zone changes when the range to the target changes or when themachine gun is fired on different types of terrain. Shorter ranges and downward slopes produce lengthenbeaten zones, and vice versa.
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CLASSES OF FIRE 3 |
RESPECT TO GROUND RESPECT TO WEAPON RESPECT TO TARGET |
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RESPECT TO GROUND 2 |
GRAZING FIRE PLUNGING FIRE |
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GRAZING FIRE
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when the center of the cone of fire rises less than 1 meter aboveground. Whenfiring on level or uniformly sloping terrain, the gunner can only graze fire out to 600 meters.
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PLUNGING FIRE
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occurs when the danger space is within the beaten zone. Plunging fire also occurswhen firing at long ranges, from high ground to low ground, into abruptly rising ground, or across uneventerrain, resulting in a loss of grazing fire at any point along the trajectory
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RESPECT TO TARGET 4 |
FRONTAL FIRE FLANKING FIRE OBLIQUE FIRE ENFILADE FIRE |
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FRONTAL FIRE
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occurs when the long axis of the beaten zone is at a right angle to the front of the target. Anexample is when firing at the front of a target.
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FLANKING FIRE
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Flanking fire occurs when the gunner fires at the side of a target
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OBLIQUE FIRE
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Oblique fire occurs when the long axis of the beaten zone is at an angle other than a right angle to the front of the target.
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ENFILADE FIRE
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Enfilade fire occurs when the long axis of the beaten zone coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the target. This type of fire is either frontal or flanking. This is the most desirable type of fire with respect to a target, because it makes the best use of the beaten zone
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RESPECT TO WEAPON 5 |
fixed, traverse, search, traverse and search, andfree-gun fires.
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FIXED FIRE
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This is fire delivered against a point target when the depth and width of the beaten zone covers the target. Fixed fire also means only one aiming point is necessary to provide coverage of the target.
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TRAVERSING FIRE.
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This is fire distributed in width by successive changes in direction. The gunner selects successive aiming points throughout the width of the target. These aiming points must be close enough to ensure adequate coverage but not so close as to waste ammunition
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SEARCHING FIRE
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This is fire distributed in depth by successive changes in elevation. The gunner selects successive aiming points in depth. The changes made in each aiming point will depend on the range and slope of the ground.
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TRAVERSING AND SEARCHING FIRE
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This is fire distributed in width and depth by successive changes in direction and elevation. Combining traversing and searching fire provides good coverage of the target. Adjustments are made in the same manner as described for traversing and searching fire.
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FREE-GUN FIRE
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This is fire delivered against targets requiring rapid major changes in direction and elevation that cannot be applied with the T&E mechanism. To deliver this type of fire, the gunner removes the T&E mechanism from the traversing bar on the tripod so he can move the weapon freely in any direction
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APPLICATION OF FIRE 3 |
TYPES OF TARGETS DISTRIBUTION, CONCENTRATION, AND RATE OF FIRE TARGET ENGAGEMENT |
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TYPES OF TARGETS 2 |
POINT TARGETS, AREA TARGETS, |
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POINT TARGETS,
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Point targets, such as enemy troops, bunkers, weapons emplacements, and lightly armored vehicles, require the use of a single aiming point FIXED FIRE |
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AREA TARGETS,
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TRAVERSING AND SEARCHING FIRE Area targets can be very wide and deep. When they are, they require extensive traversing or searching fire. Area targets include those whose exact locations are unknown |
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AREA TARGETS, 3 |
Linear Targets Deep Targets Linear Targets with Depth |
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Linear Targets
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(Traversing Fire) . Linear targets are wide enough to require successive aiming points delivered via traversing fire. The beaten zone effectively covers the depth of the target area (Figure 5-7). |
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Deep Targets
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(Searching Fire) Deep targets require successive aiming points delivered via searching fire (Figure 5-8). |
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Linear Targets with Depth
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(Traversing and Searching Fire) .Linear targets with depth have sufficient width requiring successive aiming points in which the beaten zone does not cover the depth of the target area. A combined change in direction and elevation, delivered by traversing and searching fire, is necessary to effectively cover the target (Figure 5-9). |
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DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE
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Distribute fire in width and depth on large targets such as enemy formations
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CONCENTRATION OF FIRE
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Concentrate fire on point targets such as automatic weapons or an enemy fighting positions
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RATE OF FIRE
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Use sustained, rapid, and cyclic rates of fire with the machine gun.These rates enable leaders to control and sustain your fire and to help you avoid destroying your barrel. More than anything else, the size of the target and ammunition supply dictate your rate of fire.
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SINGLE GUNNER Point Target Area Target |
Point Target-When engaging a point target, the gunner uses fixed fire (Figure 5-10). If the target moves after the initial burst, he adjusts fire onto the target by following its movemeNT Area Target - When engaging an area target, the gunner fires in the center of mass, then traverses and searches to either flank (Figure 5-11). Upon reaching the flank, he reverses direction and traverses and searches in the opposite direction. A leader may indicate the width and depth of the target. |
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TARGET ENGAGEMENT.
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Gunners engage targets throughout their respective sectors. They must know how to effectively engage all types of targets, either individually or with other gunners
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SINGLE GUNNER Linear Target |
Linear Target- When engaging a linear target, the gunner traverses the machine gun to distribute fire evenly ontothe target. He must cover the entire width of a linear target. His initial point of aim is the midpoint, andthen he manipulates fire to cover the rest of the target. If the gunner has trouble identifying a linear target,then a leader may designate one with a reference point (Figure 5-12). With this method, the leaderdetermines the target's center mass and announces the distance between that point and the reference pointin meters. The reference point might be either within or adjacent to the target (Figure 5-13). However, it(the reference point) should lie on line with the target for the most accurate results. After the leader issuesthe fire command, he maintains and controls the fire by subsequent fire commands.
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SINGLE GUNNER Deep Target |
Deep Target-. When engaging deep targets, the gunner must use searching fire. If the range is announced, heinitially aims on the midpoint of single deep targets, unless another portion seems more critical orthreatening. He then searches down to one aiming point in front of the near end, and back up to one aiming point beyond the far end. If the gunner cannot identify a deep target, then the leader uses reference pointsto designate the target's center mass. He gives the extent (depth) of the target in meters.
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SINGLE GUNNER Linear Target With Depth |
Linear Target With Depth-When engaging a linear target with depth, the gunner traverses and searches. He starts by engagingthe midpoint of his target unless another portion seems more critical or threatening. He traverses andsearches to the near flank, then back to the far flank. When engaging a hard-to-identify linear target withdepth, the leader designates the flanks and midpoints of the target with rifle fire. He avoids using thereference-point method, because he would need at least two points to show the angle to the target.
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PAIR OF GUNNERS Area Targets |
Area Targets-When a pair of machine guns engages area targets, each gunner fires on his half (side) of area. Theirinitial points of aim and adjustment are the midpoints of their respective halves. After adjusting fire on thecenter of mass, both gunners distribute fire by applying direction and elevation changes for best coverage.The right gunner traverses to the right, applies the necessary amount of search, and fires a burst. Then, hetraverses and searches up and down until the right flank of the area target has been reached. The leftgunner just reverses the procedure for his side. Both then reverse their directions and return to the centermass, firing a burst after each combined direction and elevation change (Figure 5-14).
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PAIR OF GUNNERS Linear Targets |
Linear Targets- When a pair of machine guns engages a linear target, the gunners divide the target at midpoint, witheach firing on his half, starting with adjusting on his respective midpoint (Figure 5-15). Then, each gunnertraverses to the outside of the target on his side, then in to his inner boundary, firing a burst after eachchange in direction. This ensures complete target coverage. For each burst fired, the gunner must select anaiming point rather than just spraying his half of the target. However, if one part of the target poses agreater threat, the leader can designate unequally sized sectors to allow a greater concentration of fire onthe greater threat. To avoid confusion, the gunners always start with their respective midpoints, regardlessof the size of their sector.
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PAIR OF GUNNERS Deep Targets |
Deep Targets- When using a pair of machine guns to engage a deep target, the initial point of aim is also on themidpoint for both gunners. Normally, the gunner on the right has the near half and the gunner on the lefthas the far half. Since they are using enfilade fire, they need not adjust on the midpoint of the target,because the long beaten zone compensates for range errors. After the initial burst, the gunner on the right searches down to one aiming point in front of the near end of the target. The gunner on the left searches upto one aiming point beyond the far end. Both gunners then reverse their direction of search and return tothe midpoint
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PAIR OF GUNNERS Linear Target with Depth |
Linear Target with Depth-. When using a pair of machine guns to engage a linear target with depth, the gunners use the sameinitial point of aim and extent of manipulation as described for linear targets (Figure 5-17).
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SECTOR OF FIRE
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This is a target area assigned to an individual, a weapon, or a unit. Leaders normally assign each gunner a primary and a secondary sector of fire
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FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRE
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. An FPF is an immediately available, prearranged barrier of fire. It is used to stop enemy movement across defensive lines or areas.
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FINAL PROTECTIVE LINE
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An FPL is a predetermined line along which grazing fire is placed to stop an enemy assault. If an FPL is assigned, the machine gun sights along it, except when engaging other targets. An FPL becomes the machine gun's part of the unit's final protective fire. Although an FPL is fixed in direction and elevation, the gunner must make a small shift for searching. This keeps the enemy from crawling under the FPL, and compensates for terrain irregularities or the sinking of tripod legs in soft soil. Gunners fire on FPLs as needed, regardless of visibility conditions.
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PRINCIPAL DIRECTION OF FIRE
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A PDF is just what it sounds like: the main direction of fire, usually into an area with good fields of fire or with a likely dismounted avenue of approach. Gunners firing on a PDF may also provide fire support to an adjacent unit. Machine guns are sighted on the PDF only in the absence of an assigned FPL. If a PDF is assigned and other targets are unengaged, machine guns continue to sight on the PDF.
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Mutual Support
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When two or more gunners engage the same target, and one gunner stops firing, the other increases his rate of fire and covers the entire target. When only one gunner is needed to engage a target, and the leader has alerted two or more, the gunner not firing aims at and follows the movements of the target. This way, he is ready to fire immediately if the other machine gun malfunctions or ceases fire before the target is destroyed
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FIRE COMMANDS 3 |
INITIAL FIRE COMMANDS SUBSEQUENT FIRE COMMANDS |
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INITIAL FIRE COMMANDS 6 ELEMENTS |
alert, direction, description, range, method of fire, command to open fire |
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ALERT
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This element prepares the gunners for further instructions. The leader may alert both gunners in thesquad and might have only one fire, depending upon the situation. To alert and have both gunners fire, theleader commands FIRE MISSION. If he wants to alert both gunners, but he has only one fire, hecommands GUN NUMBER ONE, FIRE MISSION
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DIRECTION
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This element indicates the general direction to the target and may be given in one or a combination
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DESCRIPTION
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To properly apply fire, Soldiers must know the type of target they are to engage. The leader briefly describes the target to create a picture of it in the minds of the gunners. Of course, if the target is obvious, he can skip the description.
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RANGE
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The leader always announces the estimated range to the target. This indicates how far the gunner must look for the target and tells him roughly what range setting to put on the rear sight. The leader announces the range in meters. However, since the meter is the standard unit of range measurement, he need not say the word "meters."
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METHOD OF FIRE.
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This element includes manipulation and rate of fire. Manipulation prescribes the class of fire with respect to the weapon. The leader announces it as FIXED, TRAVERSE, SEARCH, or TRAVERSE AND SEARCH
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SUBSEQUENT FIRE COMMANDS
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The leader gives subsequent fire commands to adjust direction and elevation, to change current ratesof fire, to interrupt fire, or to terminate the alert
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DIRECTION AND ELEVATION |
The leader always adjusts for direction and elevation in meters; the number of fingers he uses equals the number of meters. The leader first adjusts fire for direction, for example, RIGHT ONE ZERO METERS or LEFT FIVE METERS. Then, he adjusts for elevation, for example, ADD FIVE METERS or DROP ONE FIVE METERS.
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PRINCIPLES OF DIRECT FIRE CONTROL 7 |
Mass the effects of fire. Destroy the greatest threat first. Avoid target overkill. Employ the best weapon for specific target. Minimize friendly exposure and avoid fratricide. Plan for limited visibility conditions. Develop contingencies |
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MASS THE EFFECTS OF FIRE
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Massing entailsfocusing fires at critical points and distributing the effects.
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FIRE CONTROL PROCESS 4 |
Identify probable enemy locations and determine the enemy scheme of maneuver. Determine where and how to mass fires. Orient forces to speed target acquisition. Shift fires to refocus or redistribute |
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IDENTIFY PROBABLE ENEMY LOCATIONS ANDDETERMINE THE ENEMY SCHEME OF MANEUVER
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aids the leader invisualizing how the enemy will attack or defend a particular piece of terrain. A defendingenemy’s defensive positions or an attacking enemy’s support positions are normally drivenby intervisibili
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DETERMINE WHERE AND HOW TO MASS FIRES
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Massing requires the leader both to focus the fires of subordinate elements and to distributethe effects of the fires. Based on his mission analysis and his concept of the operation, theleader identifies points where he wants to, or must, focus the unit’s fires.
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ORIENT FORCES TO SPEED TARGET ACQUISITION
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To engage the enemy with direct fires, friendly forces must rapidly and accuratelyacquire enemy elements. Orienting friendly forces on probableenemy locations and on likely avenues of approach will speed target acquisition.
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SHIFT FIRES TO REFOCUS AND REDISTRIBUTE
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As the engagement proceeds, leaders must shift fires to refocus and redistribute the effects based on their evolving mission analysis. Situational awareness becomes an essential part of the fire control process at this poin
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