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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ascending colon
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travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver. Ascending means moving upward
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Transverse colon
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passess horizontally from right to left toward the spleen. Transverse means moving across
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Descending colon
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travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon. Descending means moving downward.
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Sigmoid colon
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S-shaped structure tha tcontinues from the descending colon above and joins with the recturm below.
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Rectum
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w/c is the last division of the large intestine ends at the anus
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duodenum
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1st portion of the small intestine, extends from the pylorus to the jejunum.
the duodenum is where digestive fluids from the pancreas and liver are received |
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jejunum
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the middle portion of the small intesting extends from the duodenum to the ileum. It secretes large amounts of digestive enzymes.
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ileum
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the last & longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine.. main function is the absorption of nutrients.
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Appendix
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vermiform appendix commonly called appendix
hangs from the lower portion of th cecum |
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Digestive System
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aka alimentary canal (aliment means to nourish and -ary means pertaining to.
-responsible for intake & digestion of food -the absorption of nutrients from the digested food -the elimination of solid waste products |
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Respiratory System
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functions:
-brings oxygen rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells. The blood delivers oxygen to the body tissues -expel waste products (carbond dioxide and some water waste) returned to the lungs by the blood. |
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Trachea
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aka "windpipe"
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Transverse Plane
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divide body upper (superior) & lower (inferior) portion
the transverse plane can be at the waist level or at any other level acreoos the body |
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Midsagittal plane
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-aka midline
-divide into equal Left & Right halves or sections |
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Sagittal
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divide into the unequal Right and Left sections
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Coronal Plane
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-divides into anterior and posterior portions head or crown
-aka frontal plane |
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Peritoneal Cavity
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aka "abdominal cavity"
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Cavities
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-Dorsal cavity
-Ventral cavity -Cranial cavity -Spinal cavity -Thoracic " -Diaphragm -Abdominal cavity -Pelvic cavity |
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Abdomino pelvic cavity
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-abdominal and pelvic cavity
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Retroperitoneal Cavity
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located behind the abdominal cavity
kidney are the only structure found in the structure (retro-means behind, periton means peritoneum and -eal mean pertaining to |
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Supination
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*-palms upward or forward
-patient laying in the back |
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Pronation
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*-palms downward or backward
-patient laying in th stomach face down |
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lithotomy position
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the patient is supine with the feet and legs raised supported in stirrups or feet in stirrups
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Knee-Chest
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kneeling on the table with knees @ 90 degrees angle and head on exam table
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abduction
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movement away from the body
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adduction
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movement towards the body
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Temperature
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Oral - 3 min., 97-98, 98.6 Aver
Axillary-10 min,96-98, 97.6 Rectal-5 min., 98-100, 99.6 |
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Pulse
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>Apical (apex of heart)=correct spot for infants/youths
>Radial-correct spot for adults >infants 120-140 BPM >adults 60-100 BPM |
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Vision
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20/20 distance chard is away from patients
20/15 20/30 20/50 20/200 |
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Palpation
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feeling w/your finger
feel for texture, size, consistency and location of certain body parts |
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Percussion
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tapping w/finger or instrument
procedure to determine the density of a body area that uses the sound |
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Ascultation
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listening w/a stethescope
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Medical etiquette
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ethics, courtesy and conducts, customary in the medical profession
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invasion of privary
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unauthorized disclosure of information on a patient or a 3rd party
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subpoena
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court order or "writ" to appear in court for testimony
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peer review
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any panel formed of peers in a common profession to hear about ethical complaints
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admissions reviews
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peer review that looks at the necessity of dmission of a patient
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negligent
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failure to do something a reasonable person would do or doing something a reasonable person would not do
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Pharmacology
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study of the use prepation, handling, storage and actions of drugs
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Schedule I
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>Physical & Mental - highly addicting
>no permitted use >Dr cant prescribed >ex. heroin, marijuana, hashish aka opium |
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Schedule II
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>phycial & mental - highly addicting
>usage with rectrict triplicate RX (prescription) 1)pt, 2)MD, 3)DEA ex. cocaine, doein |
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Schedule III
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>"moderate impact" for physical dependence and hight potential psycological depencence having accepted medical use
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Schedule IV
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>"mild" or "minor" physical or psychological dependence
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Schedule V
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>"limited" potential
>may contain normal amt of narcotic ex. robittussion |
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Theraputic medicines
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used to treat an illness or disease
ex. nyquil, antacid |
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Diagnostics
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used to diagnose
ex: glucose drink, barium |
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Preventative
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prevents illness
ex: vitamins, vaccination,birth control pills |
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Chemical Name
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*-precise name of chemcial composition ex: NaCl
-writing the name in scientifice name |
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Generic Name
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*-shorter version of chemical name ex:Salt
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Brand Name
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*trade or official name or name of legal owner
ex: advil |
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SOLIDS
(by preparation) |
a. tablet -powdered med compressed into a disk
b. capsule - med surrounded in a gelatin shell |
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1. emulsion
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med mixed w/oil
ex: eardrop med |
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2. syrup
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med that is sweetened and flavored to disguise taste for children
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3. solution
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med dissolve in a liquid. Completely dissolve
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4. Suspension
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med floating in a liquid that must be mixed
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5. Spray
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a mist of medication tht pumped plastic container
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6. Aerosol
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>pressurized dose of medication
>metal cans container >inhalers |
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BY APPLICATION
a. sublingual b. buccal c. transdermal |
a. med dissolves under tonge
b. med dissolves inside check of mouth c. medication patches |
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Parts of Syringe
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1. Plunger 6. Hilt
2. Flange 7. Shaft 3. Barrel 8. Bevel 4. Tip 9. Point 5. Hub 10. Lumen |
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Reference # to gauge
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large # the smaller lumen
smaller # the smaller lumen |
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Hypodermic Syringes
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-penetrates or pierce skin
-used for SC and IM -calibrated in CC(cubic centimeter) |
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TB (Tiberculine)Syringes
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-used for allergy shots and TB test
-calibrated in CC |
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Insulin Syringes
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-used to administer insulin
-calibrated in units (u) |
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expiration date
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date on bottle tht ensure potency
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Sig
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direction
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Route
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delivery (oral,IM,SC)
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Dosage
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amout of medication
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Schedule
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frequency (how often are you going to take it)
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2 Groups of Measurement
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Ready Mixed & Reconstitution
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Ready Mix
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a. cartridge-like a bullet in a gun
1.contains 1 dose of med 2.barrel and needle go in holder that disposed of after use b. ampule= glass container 1. contains 1 dose of medicine c. Vial=plastic or glss container w/rubber stopper 1.contains multiple dosage of medicine |
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Reconstitution
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powdered meds taht must be mixed w/a liquid before injecting
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Medication RULES
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1. check med 3x
a.off the shelf b.palming drawing med c.back to shelf 2. aspirate to make sure no blood 3. prep site from center to periphery |
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1. UA
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urinalysis
a. specific gravity weight of were compared to distilled water urinometer, miscus (downward curvature of a liquid where results are read) |
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2. Ultrasound
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coupling agent - gel used for ultrasound applied at room temperature
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3. X-ray
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cholecystogram=xray of gallbladder
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4. Centesis
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aspiration of fluid
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amniocentesis
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needle aspiration of amniotic fluid for genetic testing
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arthrocentesis
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needle aspiration of fluid in the joint
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5. Cultures
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stored in the incubator, lid down
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6. Oxygen (Tank)
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has 2 dials
%of Oxygen and liter per minute |
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7. Tubing
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gavage=to give food or liquid
via in tube lavage=washing out stomach or cavity ex. ear |
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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ratio of volume of packed RBC's
in a whole blood specimen expressed in % %of plasma % of cells |
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Hemocytometer
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counting chamber for RBC's
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Medical asepsis
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free of microorganisms, germs and infection
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Universal precautions
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approach to infection control
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How to keep medical asepsis
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1. handwashing=#1 way to prevent
spread of infection 2. PPD(Personal ProtectionDevice a)gloves b)goggles c)lab jacket 3.sterilization 4.biohazard bags colored-red orange for all bloody or soiled items 5.sharps container-puncture proof |
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Infection
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-fever,pain,vomiting,diarrhrea, pus.
1st sign of infection: inflammation=body's natural reaction to trauma,or foreign body,redness,swelling,pain |
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Optimum Environment for Microorganism growth
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1.98.6
2.darkness-mo sensitive to light ex. basement 3.moisture-ex. athlets foot 4.oxygen a. aerobic-mo need oxygen to grow & multiply b. anaerobic-mo need free environment to grow 5. nutrition or food source a)organic food-plant or animal based (heterothropic) b)inorganic food-minerals or chemicals autotrophic 6. PH (Potential Hydrogen)= mo are sensitive to extreme acid and alkaline. Prefer PH between 5.0-7.4 |
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Cycle of Infections
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1) Reservoir Host/Carrier
a)reservoir host=infected person b)carrier=infected person no sympthoms 2) Port of Exit: nose, mouth 3) Means of Transmission: Direct=blood to blood sexual contact Indirect=everything else 4) Port of Entry=mouth,nose urinary system,repro- ductive system or everything else 5) Susceptible Host: person who easily get sick due to: stress, poor nutri- tion, poor hygiene, poor health then become reservoir host |
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Sterilization
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1)incineration (heat/fire)
2)chemical method ex:betadine, alcohol 3)autoclaving need 3 things: a)temperature:250 degree b)PSI: @ 15 PSI c)Time:depends on article autoclave tape:shows item was autoclave Culture Reagent Strips or Test: indicate MO & spores where killed |
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otoscope
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lighted instrument to exam ears
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ophthalmoscope
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exam eyes
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nasal speculum
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use to look in the nostrils
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retractors
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use to pull apart
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percussion hammer
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tests reflexes
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hemostat
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to control blood flow (clamps)
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forceps
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anything used for grabbing
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needle holder
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to hold suture
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AED
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Automatic External Defibrillator
shock heart bact to normal rythym |
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Cancer
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1)Benign-good cancer doesn't spread
2)Malignant-bad cancer spreading cancer |
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Ulcer
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aka Soar or Lesion
1)Peptic Ulcer-stomach lesion 2)Decubital Ulcer-"bed soar" (patient pressure bed soar at convalescent) |
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-plegia
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paralysis, loss of muscle movement and sensation
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paraplegia
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paralysis from waist down or both legs paralized
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hemiplegia
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1/2 of body paralized
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quadraplegia
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paralysis from neck down or paralysis of all 4 extremities
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-uria
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urine
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hematuria
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blood in urine
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ketonuria
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ketones in urine
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glucosuria
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glucose in urine
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proteinuria
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protein in urine
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Lack of Vit C
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scurvy
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Lack of Vit D
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rickets (osteomalacia-softening of the bones)
lack of calcium |
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Lack of Vit B (B6)
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cheilitis=inflammation of the lips
blepharities=inflammation of the eyelids |
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Peritonitis
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inflammation of peritoneum
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1) menarche
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1st menstrual period
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2) menopause
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cecession of menstrual cycle
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3) fallopian tubes
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where fertilization occurs
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4) implantation
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occurs in uterus
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5) ectopic
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implantation of egg outside normal area (uterus)
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Edema
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swelling
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pulmonary edema
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swelling in the lungs
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pneumothorax
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air in pleural space
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pleural effusion
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fluid in the pleural space
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hypoglycemia
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low glucose in the blood
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hyperglycemia
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high glucose in the blood
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1st Degree Burn
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red,painful,peels off(epedermis)
ex:sunburn most common Rx:soak in cold water dry dressing no oil based lotion |
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2nd Degree Burn
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red,painful,blister
both epedermis & dermis Rx: same as 1st degree |
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3rd Degree Burn
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full thickness (epedermis,dermis,subcutaneous)
charred, burnt, no pain, cover, no water call 911 reason to voer to prevent MO make sure to use cloth tht will not leave any remnant (dont use towel) |
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Closed Wounds
1. Contusion |
1. bruise
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Open Wounds
1. abrasion |
1.scrape
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Open Wounds
1. puncture |
1. narrow & deep opening
ex. gun shot wound |
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Open Wounds
2. laceration |
2.irrigular cut that forms a scar
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Open Wounds
3. incision |
3. precise surgical cut
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Simple or Closed Fx
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broken bone w/out an open wound
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Compound or Open Fx
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broken bone w/an open wound and bleeding
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Greenstick Fx
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bone broken on one side and bent on the other
common in children |
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Pathologic Fx
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broken bone due to weakness caused by disease
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Fiberglass Casts
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used because they dry quickly
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Patient
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subscriber, insured, policy holder
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Insurance Company
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Carrier, Rider, Insurer
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Group Ins
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group of people who purchase 1 policy with standard benefits employee must subscribe or join the group (not automatic)
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HCP
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Health Care Provider
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Premium
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lump sum of money to activate a policy
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Policy
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agreement, genefits, coverage in the form of medical treatment
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Service
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is in the form of medical treatment from M.D.
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Assignment of benefits
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instructions for Ins. Co. of who and where to make payments for services
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Claim
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request for payment
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Underwriter
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aids in establishing, calculates risk factors, and calculates premium fees for ins.
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Benefits
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coverage for services rendered (money)
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Coordiantion of Benefits
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prevents duplication of benefits by 2 insurance companies
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Primary Ins.
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1st insurance obligated to pay for benefits until funds run out
Maybe a yearly allowed amount of money or a lifetime amount ex. breast cancer or mental illness |
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Secondary Ins.
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picks up the remainder of costs not covered by the primary ins.
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Exclusion
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unnatural hazards that may be excluded from the insurance policy. ex. suicide,unnatural diseases like HIV and CA, Mother nature
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Catastrophic (aka "Major Medical" Ins.)
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an add on policy to add additional coverage for serious illnesses like CA or dialysis
high ins premium for serious injuries |
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Indemnity
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benefits in the form of a lump sum payment opposed to treatment
use this for people who travel ex. $2000 for loss of eye $200 per day for inpatient hospital stays |
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Waiver
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certain illness that are kept off a policy
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Effective date
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date the policy become effective
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Eligibility
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qualified to receive ins. coverage
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Pre-existing
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anything that has happened or been diagnosed 6 mos. prior to effective date that ins. co. will not cover
ex. pregnancy |
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Pre-authorization
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maybe required by the ins. co. before benefits can be paid
ex. specialist referrals, certain prescriptions, surgerires, treatments |
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Grace Period
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time when ins policy has not begun where no benefits are payable
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Health Management/Managed Care
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ins given under an agreement to control expenses to prevent abuse of ins. billing
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PCP Primary Care Physician "gate keeper"
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M.D. in the network who screens need for medical services
If he can't help PCP can: admit Pt. to hospital Refer Pt. to specialist in the network (must be pre-authorized with ins. co.) |
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Capitation
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incentive payment made to M.D for join the PCP; lump sum payment mde to M.D. for number of patients seen in a given period of time
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HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)
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group of M.D.'s or PCPs in a network
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PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)
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able to bypass the PCP; may see specialist in network for co-pay and may see notn-network M.D> but must pay more money
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POS (Point of Service)
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M.D. and Ins. Co. are one organization
ex. Kaiser |
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Deductible
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payment Pt. must pay before benefits begin
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Co-Payment
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fixed amount paid for each benefit
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Co-Insurance
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fixed % paid for each benefit
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IPA (Independent Providers Association)
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handles ins. claims or money managment for
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Claim
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request for benefits
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Adjuster
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works for the ins. co. and the insured to assist in processing claims
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UCR
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Usual Customary and Reasonable
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Time Limit
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amount of time allowed a claim to be filed with the ins. for payment
Dental Claims-90 days Medical Claims 6 months |
