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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Basic Functions of Urinary System (3)
1) Elimination of nitrogenous wastes

2) Regulation of blood composition

3) Regulation of blood pressure/volume
Lobes of Kidney - Name one of the renal lobes, Apex of renal pyramid empties into, base of renal pyramid is at what junction of kidney?
-Each kidney is composed of many lobes

*Renal pyramids (and associated cortex) are renal lobes

-Apex of renal pyramid empties into minor calyx

-Base of pyramid is at corticomedullary junction of kidney
Renal Blood Flow - afferent arterioles branch from what to supply what, efferent arterioles form what 2 things
-Renal arteries carry blood off abdominal aorta

-Renal arteries branch into interlobar arteries

-These form arcuate arteries at corticomedullary junction

-Interlobular arteries come off arcuate arteries

*Afferent arterioles branch from interlobular arteries to supply glomerulus

*Effererent arterioles form peritubular vascular beds and vasa recta

-Venous draining follows arterial supply in reverse direction
Glomerulus - located where, what is it
-Sits in Bowman's Space surrounded by Bowman's Capulse

-one of the small units in the kidney made up of capillaries and nerve fibers where blood filtration takes place.
Each Lobe has Cortex and Medulla - Corticomedullary Junction is approximately at the level of?;Medullary Rays extend out into? Cortical tissue also exists between lobes at?
-Corticomedullary Junction is approximately at the level of Arcuate Arteries

-Cortex is superficial

-Medulla is deep

-Medullary Rays extend out into cortex

-Cortical tissue also exists between lobes at Renal Columns (of Bertin)
Uriniferous Unit - made up of 2 things
-Nephron
+Bowman capsule
+Proximal convoluted tubule
+Loop of Henle
+Distal Convoluted Tubule

-Collecting System (Collecting tubules and ducts)
Cortical Structures (4)
1) *Renal corpuscle (Bowman capsule + glomerulus)

2) PCT

3) DCT

4) Collecting tubules and ducts
Medullary Structures (3)
1) Lower part of collecting duct
2) Loops of Henle
3) Vasa recta (straight blood vessels)
Proximal Convoluted Tubules - type of cytoplasm, brush border present?, resorption of what happens here?
-Acidophilic cytoplasm due to many mitochondria

-Elaborate apical microvillous brush border

-Most of resorption of glomerular filtrate constituents occurs here
Fine Structure of PCT Cells (4)
*Microvilli

*Apical endocytic Vesicles

*Many Mitochondria throughout

*Basal Membrane Infoldings for ion pumping
Regional Structural Variations in Nephron 94) - epithelium in thin limbs of loop of Henle and in DCT
-PCT covered previously

-Thick limbs of loop of Henle similar to DCT

-Thin limbs have squamous epithelium

-DCT has cuboidal epithelium with a few microvilli and moderate number of mitochondria
The Renal Papilla - what part of renal pyramid is this? Most distal parts of collecting ducts drain through the papilla as? Another name for renal papilla? Its orifices frain urine from papillary ducts into what?
-This is the Apex of the renal pyramid

-Most distal parts of collecting ducts drain through the papilla as Papillary Ducts

-Called the Area Cribrosa

-Orifices of area cribrosa drain urine from papillary ducts into Minor Calyx
The Renal Corpuscle and Glomerular Filtration - blood enters what via the afferent arteriole? what are Podocytes? Blood is filtered through what and then what is the blood renamed?
-Blood enters the Glomerulus via the Afferent Arteriole

-The glomerulus indents Bowman capsule, producing a visceral layer (Podocytes) and a squamous parietal layer (continuous with PCT)

-Blood is filtered through fenestrations in glomerular capillaries, across Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM), between pedicles of podocytes, and into Bowman space

-The blood filtrate is now called the Glomerular Fltrate
Blood-Urine Barrier (4 components)
-PODOCYTES of visceral layer of Bowman capsule

-DIAPHRAGMS between foot processes of podocytes

-Podocyte basement membrane and capillary endothelial basement membrane (collectively called GBM - Glomerular Basement Membrane)

*Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Selective Protein Filter - fate of low, intermediate, and high molecular weight plasma proteins
-Low MW plasma proteins pass directly into glomerular filtrate

-Intermediate MW plasma proteins blocked by slit diaphragms between foot processes

-High MW plasma protein are blocked by endothelial basement membrane
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus - function, 3 components and their functions
-Functions in regulation of blood pressure and blood volume

-First component is Juxtaglomerular Cells, modified smooth muscle in wall of afferent arteriole - pressure sensors in wall of afferent arteriole
+JG cells secrete renin from granules
+Renin acts on angiotensinogen, converting is to angiotensin I.
+ACE then convertes angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictive peptide

-Second component is Macula Densa, in wall of DCT - also functions in renin release during times of low BP; urine composition sensors in the wall of DCT

-Third component is Mesangial Cells - connect the JG cells and Macula Densa and provide a communication link
Ureters - epithelium in mucosa? layers of what present?
*Mucosal transitional epithelium

-Lamina propria

-Several layers of smooth muscle
+Upper has inner longitudinal and outer circular
+Lower has inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal

-Poorly defined adventitial CT layer with blood vessels
Urinary Bladder - epithelium?, several layers of what, covered on upper part by what?, transitional epithelium consists of what in empty bladder vs. distended bladder
*Luminal transitional epithelium

-Several layers of smooth muscle in wall

*Covered on upper part by Serosa

-In empty bladder, transitional epithelium consists of many layers of fat cells

-In distended bladder, transitional epithelium consists of few layers of flattened cells
Urethra - lined by what epithelium in males (3), lined by what epithelium in females (1)
-Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside world

-Lined by variable epithelium in male: (1) transitional in membranous urethra; (2) stratified columnar in penile urethra; (3) stratified squamous, unkeratinized in fossa navicularis

-Lined by stratified squamous unkeratinized in female near vagina