M3 Muscles

Front 1

single response to a single stimulus

Back 1

Muscle twitch

Front 2

muscles such as those which move the eyeball have twitches which reach maximum contraction in 3 to 5 ms (milliseconds). These muscles also have small numbers of cells in their motor units for precise control.

Back 2

Fast twitch

Front 3

muscles like the postural muscles (e.g. back muscles, soleus) have twitches which reach maximum tension in 40 ms or so.

Back 3

Slow twitch

Front 4

the period of a few ms encompassing the chemical and physical events preceding actual contraction

Back 4

Latent period

Front 5

the even briefer period when the sarcolemma is depolarized and cannot be stimulated.

Back 5

Absolute refractory period

Front 6

occurs after this when the sarcolemma is briefly hyperpolarized and requires a greater than normal stimulus.

Back 6

Relative refractory period

Front 7

refers to whether the muscle is under conscious control

Back 7

Voluntary

Front 8

refers to the presence of visible banding within myocytes caused by the organization of myofibrils to produce constant tension.

Back 8

Striation

Front 9

are designed for endurance activities that require long-term, repeated contractions, like maintaining posture or running a long distance. The ATP required for slow-twitch fiber contraction is generated through aerobic respiration (glycolysis and Krebs cycle), whereby 30 molecules of ATP are produced from each glucose molecule in the presence of oxygen.

Back 9

Slow twitch fibers

Front 10

are good for rapid movements like jumping or sprinting that require fast muscle contractions of short duration. Unlike slow-twitch fibers, fast twitch-fibers rely on anaerobic respiration (glycolysis alone) to produce two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

Back 10

Fast twitch fiber

Front 11

maintain constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length. Isotonic muscle contractions can be either concentric or eccentric.

Back 11

Isotonic contractions

Front 12

is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force, overcoming resistance.

Back 12

Concentric contraction

Front 13

results in the elongation of a muscle while the muscle is still generating force; in effect, resistance is greater than force generated.

Back 13

Eccentric contraction

Front 14

generate force without changing the length of the muscle, common in the muscles of the hand and forearm responsible for grip.

Back 14

Isometric contraction

Front 15

occurs when a muscle contraction is opposed by resistance.

Back 15

Yielding contraction

Front 16

What contraction when holding a heavy weight steady, neither raising nor lowering it.

Back 16

Yield contraction

Front 17

occurs when a muscle contraction is opposed by an immovable object, such as the contraction generated in the muscles when pushing against a wall.

Back 17

Overcoming contraction

Front 18

occurs following a period of sustained activity. It refers to the decline in muscle force generated over sustained periods of activity or due to pathological issues.

Back 18

Muscle fatigue

Front 19

Long-term muscle use requires the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the muscle fiber to allow aerobic respiration to occur, producing the ATP required for muscle contraction.

Back 19

Lactic acid accumulation

Front 20

Depletion of required substrates such as ATP or glycogen within a muscle result in fatigue as the muscle is not able to generate energy to power contractions.

Back 20

Metabolic fatigue

Front 21

Nerves are responsible for controlling the contraction of muscles, determining the number, sequence, and force of muscular contractions.

Back 21

Nervous fatigue and loss of desire

Front 22

With sufficient training, the metabolic capacity of a muscle can change, delaying the onset of muscle fatigue.

Back 22

Exercise and aging