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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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study of very small (1 microm) organisms, study of above org that have macroscopic forms (ex. algae, fungi, and worms)
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microbiology
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eat everything: people, garden, house, food, cars
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Microbes
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Benefits of microbes (3 things)
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1. Recycle environment (dead bodies)
2. bioremediation 3. food, chem, and pharm industries |
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examples of food, chem, and pharm uses of microbes
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yogurt, swiss cheese, soy sauce, butter, antibiotics, steroids, chemicals
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Aristotle told Alexander to:
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boil water and bury fecal material to avoid disease caused by contagion
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In the middle ages, people thought disease was caused by:
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influences of stars (ex. influenza)
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Renaissance: Idea of:
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spontaneous generation
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Who did this: meat in petri dishes, exposed some air, maggots appeared only in or on exposed plates
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Redi (Italian Physician)
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Who did this: Ground lenses and mounted them, to make the first microscope and published sketches "animalcules"
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Van Louwenhoek
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this disease was believed to be caused by a "contagion", inoculated children to cause a mild form
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small pox
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the practice of inoculation
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variolation (variola means pox)
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Who did this: noticed milk maids had pox only on their hands, and decided it was because they were exposed to cowpox
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Jenner
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practice of inoculating children with cowpox
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vaccination (vacca means cow)
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Who did this: Sterilized meat broth and kept it open to air in a special flask ("retort") and found no decay, brought broth in contact with air and found decay. Destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation
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Pasteur
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this disease has killed people up until 1977 and killes 70-80% of those affected. Major form killed 50% and minor form killed 1%
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small pox
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study of very small (1 microm) organisms, study of above org that have macroscopic forms (ex. algae, fungi, and worms)
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microbiology
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eat everything: people, garden, house, food, cars
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Microbes
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Benefits of microbes (3 things)
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1. Recycle environment (dead bodies)
2. bioremediation 3. food, chem, and pharm industries |
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examples of food, chem, and pharm uses of microbes
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yogurt, swiss cheese, soy sauce, butter, antibiotics, steroids, chemicals
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Aristotle told Alexander to:
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boil water and bury fecal material to avoid disease caused by contagion
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In the middle ages, people thought disease was caused by:
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influences of stars (ex. influenza)
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Renaissance: Idea of:
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spontaneous generation
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Who did this: meat in petri dishes, exposed some air, maggots appeared only in or on exposed plates
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Redi (Italian Physician)
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Who did this: Ground lenses and mounted them, to make the first microscope and published sketches "animalcules"
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Van Louwenhoek
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this disease was believed to be caused by a "contagion", inoculated children to cause a mild form
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small pox
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the practice of inoculation
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variolation (variola means pox)
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Who did this: noticed milk maids had pox only on their hands, and decided it was because they were exposed to cowpox
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Jenner
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practice of inoculating children with cowpox
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vaccination (vacca means cow)
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Who did this: Sterilized meat broth and kept it open to air in a special flask ("retort") and found no decay, brought broth in contact with air and found decay. Destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation
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Pasteur
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this disease has killed people up until 1977 and killes 70-80% of those affected. Major form killed 50% and minor form killed 1%
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small pox
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Who did this: saw someone run over by carriage, he had a compound fracture, used phenol to kill the bacteria and reset the fracture and the boy lived, started era of antisepsis
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Lister
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septic
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you have a very serious disease: BP goes down, HP goes up, fever, pale
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Who did this: instituted all medical students had to scrub their hands in chlorine water and it reduced hospital mortality rate, was father or epidemeology
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Semmelweis
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have DNA in a nucleoid (not a nucleus), 70S ribosomes, no membrane-bound organelles
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prokaryotes
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have cell wall (murein), membrane (ester links), nucleoid, cytoplasm, flagella (hollow), inclusion bodies (storage granules), capsule, endospores
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bacteria
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ex of bacteria (2 things)
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e coli and salmonella
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gram positive stains:
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purple and blue
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gram neg stains:
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pink or red
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some live in hot springs and deep-sea vents, have cell wall (pseudomurein = altered peptidoglycan), membrane (ether links = stronger than ester links and can withstand high temps), nucleoid, cytoplasm
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archaea
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have DNA in a true nucleus, 80S ribosomes, membrane-bound organelles, flagella (solid core), membrane has ester bonds
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eukaryotes
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photosynthetic org than contain chloroplasts and central vacuole, can be single celled or lagre, cell wall (cellulose)
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algae
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Ex of algae (2 things)
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kelp or seaweed
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has complex internal structure, some can move using flagella or pseudopod, doesn't have true cell walls
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protozoa
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ex of protozoa (2 things)
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euglena and amoeba
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have thin, threadlike cells called hyphae, cell wall (chitin)
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fungi
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ex of fungi (3 things)
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mold, yeast, mushrooms
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hyphae weaved together are called :
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mycelium
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group of elongated soft bodied invertebrate animals
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worms
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ex of worms (4 things)
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earthworms, tapeworms, flukes, roundworms
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genetic materia + protein + membrane (from host), obligate intracellular parasites
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viruses
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only protein, have no genetic material
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prion
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ex of prion (1 thing)
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mad cow disease
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mother cell produces a spore to preserce the species, walls off a certain part of cell and put hydrophic and takes out water, spors are dehydrated and not susceptable to wet heat. their enzymes are protected
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endospore
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sheep run against something and rub into flesh and get:
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scrapie
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how scrapie causes mad cow disease:
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scrapie infested sheep die and then are ground up and fed to cows
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two forms of bateria
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eubacteria and archaea
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cell wall is made of
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peptidoglycan
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pilus is made of
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protein
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storage granule, inclusion bodies
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glycogen gradule
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holds DNA but does not include true chromosomes, has no membrane in prokaryotes, long strand that attaches at the end to make a circle
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nucleoid
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cytoplasm contains: (5 things)
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enzymes (protein), ribosomes (protein, rRNA), mRNA, tRNA, and small molecules
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role of ribosomes
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makes protein
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flagellum is made of:
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protein
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outer cell membrane is made of: (3 things)
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lipid, protein, carbohydrate
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inner membrane is made of: (2 things)
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lipid and protein
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causes cell to bind to other cells so the bacteria can hold onto your cells
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adhesin
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LPS stands for:
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lypopolysaccharide
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which holds stains better: gram + or gram -
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gram +
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ties peptidoglycan layers together
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teichoic acid
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peptidoglycan only occurs in
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bacteria
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70S vs 80S
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70S: susceptable to antibiotics, 80S: not susceptable to antibiotics, has higher velocity in cetrifuge
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only attach bacterial ribosomes and not our own
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antibiotics
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helps eat chem and plastics and helps clean up oil spills
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bioremediation
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can be used to tell what genus or family or species something belongs to
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spores
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Microscope: simples, compouns, standard lab scope
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bright field
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Microscrope: two opaque rings (interference), only allows light to go through in specific patterns
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phase contrast (no stain)
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Microscrope: special condenser focuses light on objective rim (everything but specimin is black)
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dark field (no stain)
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Microscope: UV light source, specimin looks neon
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flourescence
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Microscope: tramsmission and scanning, short wavelength = high resolution
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electron
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1 stain, quick
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simple
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>1 stain, ex: spore stain, flagella stain, neg stain
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complex
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sperates species or groups (stain)
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differential complex
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heavy metal stains, electrons go through everything but heavy metals
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electron microscope stains
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other microscope stains (2 things)
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capsule and flagella
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monotrichous (vibrio), amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous (e coli), atrichous (shigella)
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flagella stains
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morphology: staphyloccoci and streptococci
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cocci (spheres)
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Morphology: genus bacillus or bacillus
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bacilli (rods)
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Morphology: ex vibrio
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spirilla/vibrioids (curved rods)
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Morphology: ex diphtheria
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pleomorphic
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Morphology: ex treponema
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spirochetes (corkscrew shaped)
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gain dry weight is called:
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growth
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growths gives rise to:
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fission
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amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nucleotides
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metabolic building blocks
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breakdown of chemicals to use as energy
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catabolism
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org takes building blocks and builds structures tha they need
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anabolism
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phases of growth (4 things)
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lag (adjustment phase), exponential (induced genes), stationary, death
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mask specially made to form to your face
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N95 mask
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how you do a gram stain (3 steps)
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1. put culture on slide with water and let air dry
2. put specimen with heat (fix point: hot but not burning, culture is almost melting) 3. add dyes |
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steps in adding dyes (4 steps)
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1. primary stain (crystal violet)-1 min then wash off with water
2. fix it (make it color-fast - mordent=iodine) 3. decolorize stain with alcohol and acetone ("destain") then wash it off (shows gram +) 4. counter stain to see gram - org as well (use saffron for this step) |
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capsule stain uses:
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india ink for "neg stain"
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cell with no flagella is called:
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monotrichous
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cell with one flagella on each side is called:
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amphitrichous
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cell with lots of flagella stinking out one spot is called:
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lophotrichous
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cell with flagella sticking out all over is called:
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peutrichous
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process of DNA -> mRNA is called:
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transcription
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process of mRNA -> protein called:
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translation
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process of protein to structural proteins uses this as the facilitator
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ribosomes
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digests polymers to bring into the cell
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exoenzymes
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three things enzymes make from structural proteins:
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1. nucleic acids
2. polysaccharides 3. act on proteins (all basic units) |
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1st step is sterilize medium. kitchen culture, home canning (pressure cooker at 121 degrees C), lab cultures (autoclave and glassware), and broth & agar cultures
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how we culture microbes
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pure culture used to test purity of water samples, problem: get different samples every time because micro org. move around
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pure culture from liquid
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pure culture-"streak for isolation, dilution is basis behind isolation, result=single isolated colonies that we know are pure
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pure culture on agar (best)
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steps to pure culture (4 things)
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1. sterilization
2. inoculation 3. incubation 4. reading results |
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couting methonds (2 things)
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viable (plate count) and non-viable (coulter counter)
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everything is known inside of the medium, clinical org don't grow on this medium
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defined
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medium used when unknown chem. analysis
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complex
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regular or simple, enriched, differential, selective, combined differential/selective, enrichment
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types of complex medium
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complex medium: nutrient agar or TSA for most pathogenic bacteria, used for growing clinical org
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regular or simple
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complex medium: nutrient agar + V&X factors for haemophilus influenzae
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enriched
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complex medium: blood agar used to see hemolysis, beta hemolysis in staphylococcus aureus (clear), alpha hemolysis in streptococcus pneumoniae(green), can see different colonies bc of medium
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differential
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complex medium: azide agar from gram +
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selective
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complex medium: MacConkey's agar for G -, bile and crystal violet kills G +, lactose fermented to organic acids and neutral red-red, if it isn't fermenting sugar, it appears clear
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combined differential/selective
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complex medium: ex is selenite broth for salmonella, not an enriched medium
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enrichment
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growth requirements (3 things)
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1. oxygen
2. temperature 3. pH |
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aerobe, anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile
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oxygen requirements
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mesophile, psychrophile, thermophile
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temperature
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acidophile, neutrophile, alkalinophile
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pH
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uses oxygen and needs it to grow at the top of the tube
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aerobe
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hate and die in the presence of oxygen, grow at bottom of the tube, fermentation
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anaerobe
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can grow in presence or absense of oxygen
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facultative anaerobe
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only likes a little bit of oxygen
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microaerophile
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can grow up to 45C, opt is a little above 30C
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mesophile
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grow in refrigerator, most non-pathogenic, -5 - 20C
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psychrophile
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live in acid conditions
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acidophile
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org that live in neutrile conditions
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neutrophile
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live in alkaline conditions
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alkalinophile
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specific microbe that can grow in refrigerator food and are pathogenic to humans and their blood
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listeria
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prevents staining, has to be heated first, also limits growth, that's why it has such a long DT
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mycolic acid
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10 DT =
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2 ^10
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N=
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No(2^n), o=number of org you start out with, n=times of doubling org
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caused by Fransicella, called "Rabbit Fever", and doesn't heal, also called Tulermia
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external ulcer
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types of control on humans or other environments, killing them (microcidal), retarding them (microbiostatic), -cidal or
-static actions are often dose dependent, sterilants disinfectants, antiseptics, antimicrobials |
types and properties of control agents
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Practical control methods (3)
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1. heat
2. high and low energy radiation 3. chemicals |
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most important form of sterilization, autoclaving (high steam pressure, need at least 121C), tyndallization, pasteruization, adv (cheap, good penetration, safe), dis adv (damage to some materials)
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heat (thermal) control method
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gamma radiation (high), goes through everything but heavey metal, adv (non-damaging, excellent penetration), dis adv (expensize, safety issues and red tape), UV radiation (really good for surfaces and can purify the air)
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high and low radiation control method
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bactericidal chems
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chemical control method
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phenolics, alcohols, halides & peroxides, heavy metals, surfactants, alkylating agents
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6 classes of chem used in control
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ex: triclosan (used in deo)and phenylphenol (used in lysol)
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phenolics
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ex: ETOH and iPROH (70% better than 100% because 100% less antimicrobial)
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alcohol
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ex: chlorine (I2 is common halideand H2O2 (most common peroxide), betadine is complex so not as toxic to the skin
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halides & peroxides
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anionic (detergents), cationic (strong disinfectants, anionic + cationic=0 kill
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surfactants
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ex formaldehyde
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alkylating agents
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refrigerator, drying, salting
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preservation methods
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potent chemotherapeutics used internally to treat (cure) infectious diseases, kills or inhibits microorganisms, cidal or static
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antimicrobials
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antimicrobials biosynthesized by one microbe used to kill or inhibit other competing microbes
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antibiotics
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selective toxicity, salvarsan against syphilis(mercurial drug)
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ehrlich coined chemotherapy, found out what would kill the org and what would kill the host
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penicillium mold grew on staph plates and the staph colonies near the mold were inhibited
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how flemming found penicilin
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1st general antimicrobial on world market, chemically synthesized antimicrobial
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sulfa
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multiple drug therapy methods (4)
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1. high levels
2. synergism 3. only necessary cases 4. new variations (2nd and 3rd generations) |
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IV, IM (intramuscular), oral, SC (subcutanious), subepi, IT (intrathecal, btw vertabrae), IP (intrapritoneal)
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routes of entry
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chemically modified antibiotics to counter resistance
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semisynthesis
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therapeutic window and common adverse reactions
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drug toxicity
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happened in ONE org in a population (mutation)
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aquired drug resistance
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phage therapy, hyper-immune therapy, anti-sense therapy
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antibiotic alternatives
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the close to the disc, the higher the concentration of antibiotic
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disc diffusion (kirby-bauer) 6mm
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given a minimum to not quite kill the microorganisms just holds them back, problem: can still mutate
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sub-clinical dose
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# of mutation/# of org
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mutation rate
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vasotracin, neomycin, and polymicin B make up:
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neosporin
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MRSA stands for:
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methicillin resistance staph aureous
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was a law, couldn't use unless it was an MRSA
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vancomycin
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VRE stands for:
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vancomycin resistant enterococcin
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little chunks of DNA inside bacteria and DNA gets exchanged and causes resistance
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plasmid
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found in neosporing, damages membranes to kill organisms, low concentration: static, high concentration: cidal
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plymixin B
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penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, and bacitracin does this:
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explodes cell walls
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unwind and reorganizes DNA for cell division
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DNA gyrase
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use bacterial viruses to kill bacteria, "lytic/varialent phage" viruses are bacterial viruses that kill bacteria, attach bacteria and multiply inside and break out of and kill bacteria and it gives rise to many more viruses, they grow exponentially
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Phage Therapy
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tetanus antiserum (not the vaccine to take to prevent). you take this if you already have tetanus and want to get rid of it
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serum therapy
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hyper immune serum, taken from people who've had hepB and cured and serum is very high in antibiotics, you want Ig from serum because it contains the antibodies, taken after you've been exposed to hepB to avoid developing it
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HBig
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recombivax
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active vaccine for hepB
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HBig
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passive vaccine for hebB
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pulled from peopel who've had the disease, only temporary, don't make your own antibodies
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passive vaccine
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Antibiotic alternatives (3)
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1. phage therapy
2. serum therapy 3. antisense therapy |
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normal biota on skin (3)
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staph, diphtheroids, and lactobacillus
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smelly armpits and feet
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staph
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acne, organism that has certain common characteristics to the pathogen that cause diphtheria
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diphtheroids and proprionibacteria
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make yogurt and sour cream, benign and doesn't smell
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lactobacillus
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scrubbing and it alkalinizes your skin and kill off most organisms except staph (smelly, infections with staph more likely because staph will grow on soap)
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degerming
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ferment sugars and form acids abd irritating by-products in the sulcus and the gum starts pulling away from your tooth
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bacteroides
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capsules a-e are:
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pathogenic
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can cause secondary pneumonia because mucocilliary escalator is growing bc you don't have cilliary to keep it from going down in your lungs
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s. pneumonia and influenza
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if selective you get bright red org and it shows it fermenting the lactose
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feces
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enterobacteria gram rods (coliforms)
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gram -
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enteric org, mutation against vancomycin (VRE), and gram +
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enterococcus
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kills all but clostridium difficile, bowel material is enrichment medium
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clindamycin (found in colon)
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found in small intestine
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E coli
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subgroup of antimicrobial drugs, made by one microorganism that affects other microorganisms
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antibiotics
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made in lab, not by other org
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synthetic drugs
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Penicillin source, action, and spectrum
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penicillium, N (Flemming, produced by mold), block cell wall synthesis and repair
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Cephalosporins source, action, and spectrum
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cephalosporium NI (produced by molds), block cell wall synthesis and repair
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chloromphenical, erythromycin, quinones, tetracyucline, vancomycin, and streptmycin source, action, and spectrum
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streptomyces, chloro: B, eryth: N, quin: B, tetra: B, block cell wall synthesis and repair, inhibit DNA gyrase, affects ribosomes
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bacitracin sourse and action
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bacillus, block cell wall synthesis and repair
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block cell wall synthesis and repair (causes walls to leak), make cell membranes leaky and if high enough drug concentration is used it is bacteriocidal, affect nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase, inhibit protein synthesis by affecting the ribosomes, inhibit an enzyme in the folic acid pathway and naturally leads to the production of nucleotides
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targets of drugs
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triple antibiotic ointment (neomycin, bacitracin, and plymycin)
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neosporin
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sulpha trimethuloprim, multi drug therapies have a combined mutation rate lower than for one drug alone
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SXT/Cotrimoxezole
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how often a pop of org will have a mutation which will give that org resistance to a particular antibiotic
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mutation rate
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how resistance between cells can be passed through pili
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mutations in one bacteria's plasmids
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was to be used for s. aureus but instead was used for enterococcus
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vancomycin
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developed resistance for vancomycin and because VRE
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enterococcus
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obtained the resistance for vancomycin from VRE to become vancomycin intermediate resistant s. aureus
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MRSA
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smallest amount of drug that will inhibit growth and reproduction of the bacteria
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minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
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lowest concentration for which no growth occurs (tube will be clear)
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minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC)
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s. epidermitis, coagulase meg. staph, diphtheroids, dermatophytes
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org found as flora of dry skin
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G- anaerobe rod causes periodontal disease
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bacteroides
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most abundant org of the female genital tract should be:
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lactobacillus spp
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normal biota orgs cause overgrowth infections after the use of antibiotics
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clostridium difficile and candida albicans-vaginal yeasts
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keeps normal biota out of the lungs
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mucociliary tree
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most common org to colonize in the genital tract when it is alkaline
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gardnerella
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most likely internal area for normal biota to be found
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lungs bc of easy access
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org most resistant to antimicrobials
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enterococcus
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this drug blocks mRNA
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antisense drug
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lowest drug concentration with a clear tube
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how you determine MIC
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org that normally live in and on healthy human beings
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normal biota/normal flora
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nonpathogenic, gray zone, pathogens, symbiosis
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types of normal biota
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"saprobionts/saprophytes"
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nonpathogenic
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opportunists: org that test us and attack when we're weak
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gray zone
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always causes disease
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pathogens
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mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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symbiosis
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where normal biota occur
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on your skin, in your pores and hair follicles, armpits, skin folds
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where DON'T normal biota occur
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sinuses, eyes, nose, mouth, throught, duodenum, bladder, men's genital tract, and upper women's genital tract,
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ciliated cells along borders of sterile and non-sterile and that's what keeps org out of sterile agrea
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mucociliary tree/escalator
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biota on dry skin
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staph and diphtheroids
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biota on wet skin
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strep and lactobacillus
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biota in nose
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s. aureus and produces food toxins
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biota in mouth
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strept and bacteroides (anaerobes)
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biota in pharynx
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strep, neisseria, diphtheroids (strep causes rheumatic fever)
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biota in small intestine
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enterbacteriaceae
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biota in large intestine
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bacteroides, pseudomembranous colitis and clostridium difficile (only thing broad spectrum drugs don't kill), yest infections and candida
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biota in urethra/ext. genitals
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staph and diphtheroids
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biota in vagina
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lactobacillus, B.V., gardnerella vaginalis
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recognized on pap smear as clue cells (gram - rods in upper tract that shouldn't be there)
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lactobacillus (pH 4.5-5)
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study of causation of disease and disease cycle
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etiology
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broad spectrum that causes yeast infections and diarrhea
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candida
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structural and functional changes caused by disease
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pathology
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vessel that holds a disease (ex: bodies of water, food, soil, animals)
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reservior
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the org that was transmitted is specific for your cell
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adhesion (done by adhesins or viral receptors)
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IgA
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on of the antibodies on all your mucus membranes
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takes place superficially at first (oral, skin, eyes) and either goes deeper or stays superficially
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infection
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as the org leaves, it has enough org to reach ID50 by the time it gets to the next host = the org's whole goal
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portal of exit
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in what area does etiology tell you the weak links in the armor of a disease and you can use it to stop propagation
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public health
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study of the spread and control of diseases within a population
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epidemiology
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number of new cases
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incidence
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total number of cases
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prevalance
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how epidemiology intimately ties to public health
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tells us how the disease spreads and how to stop it
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disease transmission patterns (4 things)
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1. endemic
2. sporadic 3. epidemic 4. pandemic |
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small population is home to the disease and that population is generally resistant
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endemic
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breaks out from small population
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epidemic
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broken out and goes world wide
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pandemic
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you have to touch another person, physical contact
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direct transmission
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mother gives child the disease in the womb
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vertical direct trasmission
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direct contact btw 2 people, not mother and child, major type is STD
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horizontal direct transmission
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transmitted at a distance, ex: sneezing, coughing, f/o, blood, fomites (what we all use in common), vectors (living things that transmit, ex: mosquitos)
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indirect transmission
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