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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to vaccines work to protect individuals against pathogens?
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Generally, they generate a humoral (antibody mediated) response in which antibodies neutralize the toxin or virus.
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Who receives the BCG vaccine?
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Children in countries with high endemic rates of TB.
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Why is BCG not administered to adults?
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Because it is not effective in protecting against adult pulmonary TB.
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List three reasons why BCG is not administered in the US.
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Low rates of TB here, limited effectiveness, and it can confound the skin test.
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List three barriers to vaccine development against certain bacteria.
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1. Vaccines are not effective in generating cell-mediated responses.
2. Some microbes directly affect immune cells (HIV) 3. Variation of surface antigens (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) |
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What is the ultimate vaccine success story?
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Eradication of the viral disease, small pox.
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List what the components of the TDaP are.
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T: tentanus toxoid
D: diphteria toxoid aP: adhesion proteins and pertussis toxoid from Bordetella pertusis |
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What approach will you use in Basics when doing a physical exam?
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Cephalocaudal (head to toe), begin with familiar procedures like vital signs, H/W
(see handout and Text, 566, Box 30-1) |
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What is a major limitation to subunit vaccines relative to live attenuated vaccines?
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The live attenuated vaccines may replicate in the body and insight a much stronger immune response, whereas subunit vaccines often need to be repeatedly injected to confer comparable immunity.
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What is the principle benefit for a bacteria to have a capsule?
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Although C3b may bind to the bacterial surface, the capsule prevents engagement of C3b with its cognate receptors on immune cells.
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What type of antigens are polysaccharides?
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T-independent antigens.
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What is the S. pneumoniae vaccine composed of?
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Polysaccharides conjugated to proteins (7- or 13-valent).
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What viral vaccines are attenuated live vaccines?
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Rotavirus and oral polio.
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Vaccination has eradicated several diseases, if vaccination stopped abruptly, what would allow us to maintain resistance to infection?
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Herd immunity.
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When does herd immunity break down?
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When 10-20% of the population is not vaccinated.
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Provide some important points about Campylobacter.
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It grows at 42, most common cause of diarrhea, not usually systemic. Fluid replacement except in immunocompromised people. May lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
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What are some important clinical points about Salmonella?
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Lactose non-fermentor that can produce H2S. May cause bloody diarrhea and S. typhi causes typhoid fever.
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List some general features of Shigella.
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Very virulent, can survive acidic stomach, causing dysentery. They invade M-cells and travel by polymerizing actin.
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Describe a few characteristics of ETEC.
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They cause traveler's diarrhea. Produce LT (like CT) and ST (cGMP stimulant). Genes for LT, ST, and pili are carried on plasmids.
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Describe a few characteristics of EPEC.
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These strains are associated with infant diarrhea.
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Describe a few characteristics of EHEC.
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Produce severe hemolytic colitis. Shiga-like toxin and may cause HUS.
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Why should antibiotics not be used for EHEC?
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Antibiotics induce phage which kill the bacteria and induce expression of SLT.
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Describe a few characteristics of EIEC.
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Essentially similar to Shigella strains without toxins.
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Briefly discuss Yersinia enterocolitica.
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It causes acute abdominal pain, escapes phagocytosis by macrophages, and may be associated with arthritis. It can grow at refrigerator temperatures.
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Describe a few characteristics of Clostridium difficile.
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Treatment with antibiotics can support growth of this organism which may cause pseudomembranous colitis. Exotoxins A and B are involved. Successful antibiotics include vanco and metronidazole.
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Describe a few characteristics of Vibrio cholera.
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Causes rice water stool (15 L/day). CT ADPribosylates G-protein regulating adenylate cyclase making high levels of cAMP and reversal of ion transport. Treat with saline glucose solution.
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What is the one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Japan?
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
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Describe several characteristics of Anisakis.
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It is a nematode that infects marine fish. May cause anaphylaxis.
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Briefly describe Clostridium perfringens.
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Categorized as a toxinosis, it contaminates food (cooked meat) and the spores germinate in the small intestine. The spore particles cause the symptoms. If it invades other places, may cause gas gangrene.
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Briefly describe S. aureus toxinoses.
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Enterotoxins from contaminated foods. Rapid onset and rapid resolution. Superantigens may cause TSST.
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Briefly describe B. cereus toxinoses.
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Germination in cooked rice, one toxin similar to CT, other is emetic toxin.
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Describe risks and mechanism of botulism.
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C. botulinum produces botulinum toxin. It occurs in home canned foods or baked potatoes. Causes nausea/vomitting, cranial nerve involvement, then weakness and respiratory distress. Floppy baby syndrome in infants.
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Angular stomatitis, Cheilosis, Corneal
vascularization. Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth |
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Deficiency |
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What is cryptosporidium?
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A protozoal parasite that causes diarrhea in healthy people. Can be fatal in IC people and is common in AIDS patients.
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What is giardia?
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A protozoal parasite that causes malabsorptive diarrhea. Infective form is cyst (pH resistant) and trophozoite causes disease.
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