M2-C3-L09 --> Bacterial Pathogenesis

Front 1

Extracellular infection trigger what type of immune response?

Back 1

Antibody

Front 2

Intracellular infection trigger what type of immune response?

Back 2

Cell mediated / T-cell mediated immune response

Front 3

Extracellular Pathogens:

- grows where?
- triggers what immune response?
- must avoid what? x2
- many produce what?

Back 3

Outside of cell (extracellularly)

Antibody

Phagocytosis & Complement mediated killing

Exotoxins

Front 4

Facultative Intracellular Parasites:

- can grow where
- what are two types?

Back 4

Intracellularly and extracellularly

Generalized facultative intracelluar
Specialized facultative intracellular

Front 5

Describe Specialized Facultative Intracellular Parasites.

Back 5

Can grow intracellulary and extracellulary.

Can grow in NONphagocytic cells

but killed by macrophages

Front 6

Describe Generalized Facultative Intracellular Parasites.

Back 6

Can grow extracellularly and intracellularly.

Can grow inside macrophages,

but killed by ACTIVATED macrophages.

Front 7

Obligate Intracellular Parasites:

- grow where

Back 7

Intracellulary

Front 8

All viruses can be classified as what type of pathogen?

Back 8

Obligate intracellular parasite

Front 9

T/F: Pathogenic bacteria comprise only a sliver of the total amount of bacteria out there.

Back 9

True

Front 10

List the 6 major families associated with Bacterial pathogens causing human disease.

Back 10

1. Bacteroidetes
2. Fusobacteria
3. Firmicutes (Gram +)

4. Proteobacteria (Gram -)
5. Chlamydia
6. Spirochetes

Front 11

T/F : Based on the evolutionary tree of life, the Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria are not that different.

Back 11

False

Different based on molecular genome studies

Front 12

What are the 4 classification categories of bacterial pathogens?

Back 12

Gram (+)
Gram ( - )

Spirochetes
Chlamydia

Front 13

Bacillus/Clostridia

- bacterial category?
- why unique in their family?
- tell them apart how?

Back 13

Gram Positive

Produce endospores

Bacillus is Catalase Positive
Clostridia is Catalase Negative

Front 14

Which Gram + bacteria does NOT stain, but HAS a cell wall?

Back 14

Mycobacteria

(must use Acid Fast stain)

Front 15

Which Gram + bacteria does NOT stain AND does NOT have a cell wall?

Back 15

Mycoplasma

Front 16

3 Major Genera for Spirochetes

Back 16

Borrelia

Leptospira

Treponema

Front 17

T/F : Spirochetes do NOT stain.

Back 17

True

(Spirochetes ID'd with Fluorescent Ab)

Front 18

Describe the organisms of the Chlamydia family.

Back 18

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Front 19

List the 2 major pathogens associated with Chlamydia.

Back 19

C. Trachomatis

C. Pneumoniae

Front 20

List 3 organisms of Gram (-) that are considered Obligate Intracellular Parasites.

Back 20

Rickettsia

Ehrlichia

Coxiella

Front 21

Top 10 causes of death in US accounts for what % of all deaths?

Back 21

85%

Front 22

What is the #1 cause of death in US?

Back 22

Heart Disease

Front 23

Which cause of death in US has probable infectious dz involvement in some cases? x4

Back 23

Heart Dz (1)

CA (2)

Kidney Dz (9)

Chronic Liver Dz (12)

Front 24

Which leading cause of death in US has a Definite Infectious Dz involvement in Most cases?

Back 24

Influenza & Pneumonia (7)

Septicemia (10)

Front 25

What % of All Worldwide Deaths are due to Infectious Dz?

Back 25

25%

Front 26

Which Infectious Dz associated Cause of Death Worldwide is SURGING since 1992? x2

Back 26

HIV/AIDS (2) --> 2.8 million

Tetanus (8) --> 210,000

Front 27

#1 BACTERIAL cause of death worldwide

Back 27

TB

Front 28

Which worldwide leading cause of death Dz has vaccines available everywhere? x4

Back 28

Measles (6)
Pertussis (7)
Tetanus (8)

Hep B virus (11)

Front 29

Which Infectious Dz associated Cause of Death Worldwide is RAPIDLY DECLINING since 1992?

Back 29

Hep B virus

Front 30

Which worldwide leading cause of death Dz has vaccines available everywhere, EXCEPT the US?

Back 30

TB

Front 31

Which worldwide leading cause of death Dz has vaccines available for ONLY SOME organisms causing the Dz?

Back 31

Meningitis

Front 32

Define a parasite

Back 32

Obtains nutrients from Host.

Does NOT have to kill host, BUT HARMS host

Front 33

Differentiate the definition for

- Colonization
- Infection
- Disease

Back 33

Colonization --> Infection --> Disease

Colonization: organism adheres to cell surface or ECM

Infection: organism colonize and grow
(may NOT have Dz - symptomatic vs. asymptomatic)

Disease: Bacteria colonize, grow, AND cause damage to host

Front 34

Define Pathogen & Pathogenicity

Back 34

Pathogen - organism that causes Dz

Pathogenicity - organism's Potential to cause Dz

Front 35

Virulence defined

Back 35

Severity of a disease caused by the organism

Front 36

Virulence is BASED on what 4 things?

Back 36

1. Dosage (infectious dosage)

2. Invasiveness

3. Toxigenicity

4. Immune Status

Front 37

What organism has an infectious dose of 1 bacterium?

Back 37

Francisella Tularensis

Front 38

What organism has an infectious dose of 10 bacterium?

Back 38

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

Front 39

What organism has an infectious dose of greater than 10^8 bacterium?

Back 39

Vibrio Cholerae

Front 40

What is Infectious Dose?

Back 40

# of organisms needed infect 50% of the population

Front 41

Why do bacteria cause Dz?

Back 41

To make more bacteria (replication)

(Illness is side effect)

Front 42

How do Infections Occur? x3

Back 42

1. Normally sterile site gets infected

2. Presence of NON-floral organism

3. Presence of normal floral organism at a DIFFERENT SITE

Front 43

List 6 normally sterile sites.

Back 43

1. CNS
2. Blood
3. CSF

4. Bones
5. Internal organs
(except stomach & intestines)

6. Lymph

Front 44

Define Latency

Back 44

CHRONIC infection with organism WITHOUT signs/symptoms

Front 45

Opportunists defined

Back 45

Organism that normally does NOT cause Dz, unless..

- host is immunocompromised
- site of infection is Sterile site

Front 46

Commensal defined

Back 46

Microbes live with host

NO HARM to both

ONE Derives benefit

Front 47

List 3 benefits associated with Normal Flora.

Back 47

1. Prevent pathogen colonization

2. Provide Vitamins

3. Aids in Digestion

Front 48

List 5 importances of Normal Flora organisms.

Back 48

1. Protection from colonization
2. Maturation of immune system
3. Stimulate Tissue Development

4. Metabolism (digests substances)
5. Response Modulator for Epithelial Cell Injury

Front 49

List 3 Adverse effects of Normal Flora organisms.

Back 49

1. Dental caries / Periodontal Dz / SBE

2. Autoimmunity trigger

3. Opportunistic (some of them)

Front 50

List the 5 steps in Biofilm formation

Back 50

1. Reversible ADsorption (seconds)
2. Irreversible Attachment (sec. - mins)
3. Growth, Division of bacteria (hrs - days)

4. Production of Exopolymer & biofilm (hrs - days)

5. Attachment of other organisms to biofilm (days - months)

Front 51

T/F - Biofilm can be composed of single organism.

Back 51

True

Single organism OR Polymicrobic

Front 52

Biofilms

- very resistant to what x2
- structural components
- found where in hospitals

Back 52

1. Anti-Microbials
2. Disinfectants

1. Stalk
2. Cap

Catheters

Front 53

What % of Infections are of UNKNOWN Etiology?

Back 53

50%

Front 54

6 events that take place in ALL infectious Dz

Back 54

1. Encounter
2. Portal of Entry
3. Spread

4. Multiplication
5. Damage
6. Outcome

Front 55

What are the 6 Portals of Entry

Back 55

1. GU tract
2. GI tract

3. Mucous membrane
4. Respiratory tract

5. Blood
6. Skin

Front 56

What are the 6 vehicles of Transmission?

Back 56

1. Fingers
2. Food
3. Feces

4. Flies
5. Fomites
6. Fornication

Front 57

List 5 common types of transmission

Back 57

1. Sexual
2. Oral - Oral (EBV - Mono)

3. Fecal - Oral
4. Animals (Zoonoses)
5. Respiratory droplets

Front 58

What are the 2 major types of infections?

Back 58

Intracellular

Extracellular

Front 59

Intracellular Infection

- examples of organisms
- Key IMMUNE response

Back 59

Virus, Protozoa,
Some Bacteria, Some Fungi

"Cellular Immunity"
(Cell mediated or T-cell response)

Front 60

Extracellular Infection

- examples of organisms
- Key IMMUNE response

Back 60

Virus, Protozoa,
Bacteria, Fungi

Antibody Respoonse
(B-cell mediated)

Front 61

Extracellular Pathogens

- Must escape what immune process x2
- Many will produce what?

Back 61

1. Phagocytosis
2. Complement mediated killing

Exotoxins

Front 62

What are the 2 subtypes of Intracellular pathogens?

Back 62

Facultative Intracellular Parasites

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Front 63

Facultative Intracellular Parasites can grow where?

Back 63

Extracellularly

Intracellularly

Front 64

What are the 2 sub-subtypes of Facultative Intracellular Parasites?

Back 64

Specialized Facultative Intracellular

Generalized Facultative Intracellular

Front 65

SPECIALIZED Facultative Intracellular Parasites

- can grow where?
- killed by?

Back 65

Within NON-Phagocytic cells

Macrophages

Front 66

GENERALIZED Facultative Intracellular Parasites

- can grow where?
- killed by?

Back 66

Normal Macrophages

ACTIVATED Macrophages

Front 67

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

- Growth Requirement
- Types of organisms in this group x2

Back 67

Viable Host Cell

ALL VIRUSES
&
Some Protozoa

Front 68

List the types of Bacterial Invasion

Back 68

1. Intracellular Parasitism
(microbe internalized)
(Salmonella & Shigella)

2. Tissue Spreading
(Does NOT go inside cell)
(Staph. Aureus)

Front 69

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae is an intracellular bacterium found in what cell?

Back 69

Neutrophils