M2-C3-L01 --> Bacterial Structure I

Front 1

T/F - Some species of Archaea live in digestive tract.

Back 1

True. Some do live in digestive tract.

Front 2

T/F - Archaea have peptidoglycan.

Back 2

False. They don't have peptidoglycan

(Membrane Biochemistry different from bacteria)

Front 3

T/F - Colony appearance will give important clues relating to the shape of individual bacteria.

Back 3

False. Does NOT relate to shape of individual bacteria. Though it may provide keys to its type.

Front 4

Mucoid appearance of bacterial colony indicates what?

Back 4

Indicates Capsule

Front 5

Waxy appearance of bacterial colony indicates what?

Back 5

Indicates High Lipid Content

Front 6

Mycobacterium would have what type of colony appearance?

Back 6

It would have WAXY appearance.

Indicating high lipid content.

Front 7

Thin, spread out appearance in bacterial colonies would indicate what?

Back 7

It would indicate Highly motile organism

Front 8

Pigments of bacterial colony would indicate what?

Why?

Back 8

Natural habitat.

b/c it is a form of protection against light.

Front 9

What does a cell envelope consist of? x4

Back 9

1. Cell membrane(s)

2. Cell wall (if present) including imbedded proteins

3. Glycocalyx / Capsule (if present)

4. Flagella

Front 10

T/F - Bacterial cell envelopes have peptidoglycan.

Back 10

True. It does contain peptidoglycan.

Front 11

Which type of bacteria has thick cell envelopes? thin envelopes?

Back 11

Gram positive

Gram negative

Front 12

Gram Positives has what kind of acids imbedded in its Cell Envelope? x2

What is this info used for?

Back 12

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

Serotyping

Front 13

What give Gram positive bacteria its negative charge?

Back 13

Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids in the cell envelope

Front 14

Which physical character of Gram negative bacteria has significance in respect to Penicillan.

Back 14

Outer membrane (LPS) limits accessibility of penicillan

Front 15

Where would you find virulence factors in the bacterial cell envelope?

Back 15

The periplasmic space

of Gram negative bacteria

Front 16

Gram Staining:

- What color means positive?
- Not reliable for what kind of organisms? x3

Back 16

Purple

Dead/damaged organisms
Organisms with no peptidoglycan
MYCOBACTERIA with waxy coating

Front 17

Describe the components of lipids in Eurkaryotic membrane. x2

Back 17

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

with Sterols

Front 18

Describe the components of lipids in Prokaryotic membrane. x3

Back 18

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

Cardiolipin

No sterols

Front 19

Which two Prokaryotes DO HAVE sterols in their cell membrane?

Back 19

Helicobacter

Mycoplasmas

Front 20

In Prokaryotes, glucose is modified:

- where
- with what
- what type of transport is used

Back 20

cytosol

PTS (Phosphotransferase System)

Group Transport

Front 21

Describe ABC Transport in:

- Gram Negative
- Gram Positive

Back 21

Periplasmic binding proteins used

Cytoplasmic membrane proteins used

Front 22

Peptidoglycan Layer:

- AKA
- Important for what? x3

Back 22

Murein

1. Resistance to osmotic stress
2. Antibiotic target
3. Pyrogenic activity

Front 23

T/F - Peptidoglycan layer is permeable, thus allowing diffusion.

Back 23

True. It is NOT impermeable

Front 24

What is the backbone of the peptidoglycan made up of?

Back 24

NAM (N-Acetylmuramic acid)

NAG (N-Acetylglucosamine)

Front 25

What is unique about the beta(1,4) bond in the glycan backbone of the peptidoglycan layer?

Back 25

It is sensitive to lysozymes.

Front 26

Lysozymes are most active against which bacteria?

Where can you find lysozymes?

Back 26

Gram Positive bacteria

Tears, saliva, egg whites

Front 27

Describe the E. coli (Gram Negative) crossbridge within the Peptidoglycan

Back 27

Bond between DAP and D-Alanine

Front 28

Describe the S. aureus (Gram Positive) crossbridge within the Peptidoglycan

Back 28

Bond between L-lysine and a chain of Glycines

Front 29

DAP (Diaminopimelic acid):

- related to which amino acid

Back 29

Lysine

Front 30

Which one is NEVER found in Eukaryotes:

- NAM
- NAG
- DAP

Back 30

NAM and DAP

Front 31

Which of these has Ribosomes sensitive to Cm/Strep/Kan?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 31

Bacteria

Front 32

Which of these has Ribosomes resistant to Diptheria Toxins?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 32

Bacteria

Front 33

Which of these has Introns?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 33

Eukarya

Front 34

What are the Initiator tRNA for the following?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 34

Formylmethionine

Methionine

Methionine

Front 35

What are the ribosomes for the following?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 35

70S

70S

80S

Front 36

Which of these has a Peptidoglycan?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 36

Bacteria

Front 37

Discuss the lipids linkage for the following?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 37

Ester-linked

ETHER-linked

Ester-linked

Front 38

Discuss the RNA Polymerase for the following?

- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Back 38

ONE (4 subunits)

several (8-12 subunits)

THREE (12-14 subunits each)

Front 39

Important clinical types of bacteria are? x4

Back 39

Gram Positive
Gram Negative (Proteobacteria)

Spirochetes
Chlamydia

Front 40

The typical bacterial diameter is?

Back 40

0.5 - 1.0 micrometer

Front 41

Name the following bacterial morphology

Back 41

Answers

Front 42

Which bacterial groups have branched filamentous? x2

Back 42

Actinomyces

Nocardia

Front 43

PURPLE pigmented pus seen in cultures may be an indication for what organism?

Back 43

Chromobacterium Violaceum

Front 44

PYOCYANIN (light bluish) pigmented pus seen in cultures may be an indication for what organism?

Back 44

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Front 45

List the functions the Cell Envelope in bacteria. x6

Back 45

Barrier
(osmotic protection & environment regulator)

Motility

Solute transport
Lipid biosynthesis
Electron transport
Electrochemical gradients / ATP synthesis
Protein secretions

Front 46

Cell membrane components in Gram POSITIVE organisms?

Back 46

Peptidoglycan (THICK layer)

Inner membrane

Front 47

List the Cell envelope components for Gram NEGATIVE organisms.

Back 47

Outer membrane (LPS & protein)

Periplasm layer
(w/ THIN layer of Peptidoglycan)

Membrane (inner)

Front 48

List the 4 steps on gram staining.

Back 48

1. Crystal Violet

2. Gram staining
(precipitates crystal violet)

3. Decolorizer

4. Safranin Red

Front 49

What types of decolorizer can be used in gram staining?

Back 49

Alcohol or Acetone

Front 50

List the Cell envelope components for Gram NEGATIVE organisms.

Back 50

Outer membrane (LPS & protein)

Periplasm layer
(w/ THIN layer of Peptidoglycan)

Membrane (inner)

Front 51

In Gram POSITIVE cell envelopes, the functions of Teichoic & Lipoteichoic acids are? x3

Back 51

1. Net Negative charge on cell wall

2. Serotyping

3. Sheds & elicits immune response

Front 52

In Gram NEGATIVE cell envelopes, the functions of the Periplasmic space is? x2

Back 52

May contain Virulence factors

Contains thin peptidoglycan layer

Front 53

List the 4 steps on gram staining.

Back 53

1. Crystal Violet

2. Gram staining
(precipitates crystal violet)

3. Decolorizer

4. Safranin Red

Front 54

What types of decolorizer can be used in gram staining?

Back 54

Alcohol or Acetone

Front 55

Prokaryotic lipid, Phosphatidylethanolamine, is targeted by what antibiotic?

Back 55

Polymyxins

Front 56

In prokaryotes, what molecules diffuse with HIGH permeability?

Back 56

Hydrophobic, UNcharged molecules

(followed by Small, uncharged Polar)
(followed by Large, uncharged Polar)

Front 57

In prokaryotes, what molecules diffuse with LOW permeability?

Back 57

Ions (charged molecules)

Front 58

In Prokaryotic cell membrane transport, what is required in SIMPLE transport?

Back 58

PMF only

Front 59

In Prokaryotic cell membrane transport, what is required in GROUP transport?

Back 59

Energy (ATP or PMF)

Front 60

In Prokaryotic cell membrane transport, what is required in ABC system transport?

(any exceptions?)

Back 60

Periplasmic binding proteins
&
ATP

(except in Gram POSITIVE, protein comes from cytoplasmic membrane)

Front 61

Specialized secretion systems can do what with its proteins?

Back 61

Inject proteins directly in to the host cell

Front 62

What is clinically significant about the protein secretion systems?

Back 62

Host antibodies do NOT have access to injected proteins.

Front 63

The peptidoglycan layer has which type of activity?

- Pyogenic
- Pyrogenic

Back 63

Pyrogenic

Front 64

What gives peptidoglycans its rigidity?

Back 64

Repeating structures

with

Crosslinks

Front 65

Describe the properties of Peptidoglycan in terms of Layer Thickness.

Back 65

Gram NEG --> 1 to 3 layers thick

Gram POS --> 10 times thicker

Front 66

Describe the properties of Peptidoglycan in terms of mechanical properties.

Back 66

More similar to Viscous Gel (than crystalline structures)

It can Stretch

Front 67

What can diffuse across the Peptidoglycan?

Back 67

Proteins < 50 kDa

DNA

Nutrients

Front 68

What Peptidoglycan component(s) is never found in Eukaryotes?

Back 68

NAM

DAP

Front 69

DAP is found in what organisms?

Back 69

ALL Gram NEGATIVE

Some Gram +

Front 70

Transpeptidation reactions are inhibited by what antibiotics?

Back 70

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Front 71

During Transpeptidation reactions, the Beta-Lactam ring will resemble?

Back 71

Transition state of D-alanyl-D-alanine

Front 72

During Transpeptidation reactions, PCN will bind to what proteins?

Back 72

PBP (Penicillin Binding Proteins)

Front 73

By binding to PBP, PCN will inhibit what enzymes? x2

Back 73

Bacterial

Transpeptidases
&
Carboxypeptidases

Front 74

In Gram - organisms, what are 2 important components of the LPS outer membrane?

Back 74

Oligosaccaride O-side chain
(O Antigen)

Core

Front 75

In Gram - organisms, what is the function of the core in LPS outer membrane?

Back 75

Resistance to hydrophobic compounds

Front 76

In Gram - organisms, what is the clinical significance for the Oligosaccharide side chain found in LPS outer membrane?

Back 76

Loss of O-side chain by pathogens will reduce virulence

Front 77

In Gram - organisms, what is the clinical significance for the core of the LPS outer membrane?

Back 77

Basis for resistance to bile acids by enteric bacteria

Front 78

In Gram - organisms, what is the clinical significance for the diffusion properties of the outer LPS membrane?

Back 78

Large compounds such as Vancomycin can NOT pass thru pores in outer membrane

Front 79

In Gram - organisms, what can strengthen the LPS intermolecular interactions?

Back 79

Divalent MAGNESIUM

Divalent CALCIUM

Front 80

In Gram - organisms, what can weaken the LPS intermolecular interactions?

Back 80

EDTA

Front 81

In Gram - organisms, Lipid A of the LPS contains only what?

Back 81

Saturated Fatty Acid

(adds rigidity)

Front 82

What is considered the toxic portion of the LPS, endotoxin?

Back 82

Lipid A

Front 83

In Gram NEG organisms, the Lipid A portion is inserted where?

Back 83

Outer membrane

Front 84

In Gram NEG organisms, the Lipid A portion is essential for?

Back 84

Viability

Front 85

The 3 components of LPS, endotoxin are?

Back 85

O-specific polysaccharide

Core polysaccharide

Lipid A (outer)

Front 86

Describe the polar properties for each of the LPS, endotoxin components.

Back 86

HydroPHILIC, Negative charge

O-specific polysaccharide
&
Core polysaccharide

HydroPHOBIC

Lipid A (outer)

Front 87

LPS activates what immune cells?

Back 87

Activates B-cells

Front 88

LPS stimulates what immune cells and what does this lead to?

Back 88

Macrophages/Dendritic cells

Release of
- IL-1
- IL-6
- TNF-alpha

Front 89

LPS would show what conditions based on labwork? x2

Back 89

Leukopenia

Hypoglycemia (possibly)

Front 90

LPS can enhance what pathway?

Back 90

Glycolysis

Front 91

LPS is fatal in what doses?

Back 91

10 - 100 micrograms

Front 92

Which is more potent for causing fatalities, LPS or PG?

Back 92

LPS

(1000 x's more potent)

Front 93

Septic / Endotoxin Shock can be caused by what alone?

Back 93

LPS alone

(other bacterial components can also cause same symptoms)

Front 94

Septic / Endotoxin Shock can cause what symptoms? x4

Back 94

1. Flu-like
(fever, chills, malaise, confusion)

2. Heart rate increase

3. Respiratory rate increase

4. Hypotension to the extreme

Front 95

Septic / Endotoxin Shock can lead to extreme hypotension because?

Back 95

Induction of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha

produces
VASODILATION

via
NO & other mediators

Front 96

Septic / Endotoxin Shock can lead to Multiorgan failure due to?

Back 96

HypoPerfusion

Front 97

Septic / Endotoxin Shock can lead to DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) by activation of?

Back 97

Coagulation pathway