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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of tumors found within CNS is metastatic?
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25% to 50%
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Compare the relative prevalence of tumors within the parenchyma vs outside the parenchyma
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Within is 5-6 times more common
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Describe the prevalence of CNS tumors in children.
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2nd most common form of neoplasm
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Compare the relative prevalence of tumors between adults vs. children in respect to the tentorium.
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In children , 70% located infratentorially.
In adults, 70% are located supratentorially |
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How are CNS tumors classified
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By cell of origin
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T/F - Histologically malignant tumors are also biologically malignant.
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False.
Biologically malignant tumors may present as benign tumors histologically. |
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In determining the malignancy of tumors, what factors must be considered.
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Aggressiveness of tumor cells
Location |
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Gliomas arise from what cells?
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Glial cells
- astrocytes - oligodendrites - ependymal cells |
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T/F - Microgliomas are neuroglial tumors (gliomas).
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Fasle.
They are lymphomas |
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Astrocytomas:
- Adults: common where? - PEDS: common where? - Gender factor? |
Cerebral Hemisphere
Cerebellum (or Pons) Males predominate 2:1 |
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Astrocytomas:
- Genetic associations |
Associated with:
- Oncogene activation - Chromosomal Loci Deletion |
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Astrocytoma malignancy + growth rate:
- Describe diffuse - Describe anaplastic |
Less malignant (grows slowly)
More malignant (grows faster) |
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Describe the gross findings of DIFFUSE astrocytomas.
- texture - composition - boundary appearance - cysts |
Firm areas
Gray-white areas are whiter than normal Not clearly demarcated from surrounding brain May contain large or small cysts. |
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Describe the gross findings of ANAPLASTIC astrocytomas.
- texture - size - visual description - associated with? |
Soft areas
Larger areas Pale areas Hemorrhages |
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Describe the histopathological findings in diffuse astrocytomas.
- # of cells - astrocyte cell appearance - nuclei - mitoses - giant cells - vascular component |
Increase in number of cells bodies and fibers
Looks normal or nearly normal Nuclei slightly larger and densely chromatized than normal No mitoses No giant cell Blood vessels numerous, but NO proliferative character |
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Describe the histopathological findings in anaplastic astrocytomas.
- astrocyte cell appearance - mitoses - giant cells - vascular component - key characteristic |
Recognizable as astrocytes, but clearly neoplastic
Mitoses present Giant cells present Blood vessels numerous, and mild vascular proliferation NO necrosis |
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Prognosis of Astocytomas
- Diffuse - Anaplastic |
+5 years
18-36 months |
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Tumor grading in astrocytomas is based on what?
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Most malignant areas
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Pilocytic Astrocytomas
- Seen where? - Characteristics of what? - Prognosis |
Cerebellum
Hamartoma Excellent even with incomplete removal |
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Describe the GROSS findings of pilocytic astrocytomas.
- Boundary character - Appearance |
Well circumscribed
Appears as mural nodule in wall of large cyst |
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Describe the HISTOPATHOLOGIC findings of pilocytic astrocytomas.
- Similar to what other condition - Boundary appearance - Numerous in what cells? x3 |
Similar to diffuse astrocytomas, but...
Well circumscribed Numerous bipolar cells Numerous microcysts Numerous Rosenthal fibers |
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50% of gliomas are what?
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Glioblastoma Multiforme
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Glioblastoma Multiforme:
- Gender - Age of Peak incidence - Location - Prognosis |
Males predominate
45-55 y.o. Cerebral Hemisphere Very poor - average life expectancy is 8 to 10 months |
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Gross findings of glioblastoma multiforme:
- Appearance - Texture - Associated with? x2 |
Variegated
Firm to soft Necrosis and Hemorrhage |
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Histopathological findings of Glioblastoma Multiforme:
- tumor characteristic - nucleus character - associated with? |
Highly anaplastic tumor with pleomorphism
Pseudopalisading nuclei around necrotic areas Necrotic areas |
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5% to 15% of gliomas are what?
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Oligodendrogliomas
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Oligodendrogliomas
- gender - age - location |
M = F
Rare in young and elderly Cerebral white matter |
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Gross findings of oligodendrogliomas
- appearance - boundary - texture - associated with? x3 |
Gray-pink
Well demarcated Soft and fleshy Cysts Small hemorrhages Calcification |
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Histopathologic findings of oligodendrogliomas:
- appearance - very commonly associated with - prognosis determining factor - anaplastic changes include what? |
Fried egg appearance
Calcification Astrocytoma Loss of heterozygosity for 1p and 19q |
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Oligodendrogliomas
- Prognosis |
5 to 10 years
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5% of gliomas are what?
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Ependymoma
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Most ependymomas are found where? Give percentage.
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Posterior Fossa
(4th ventricle area) 60% to 70% |
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Symptoms of Ependymomas
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Hydrocephalus
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In adults, ependymomas are frequently located where?
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Spinal cord
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Ependymomas:
- occurs most frequently to? |
Children and Young Adults
Especially those with NF type II |
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Gross findings of Ependymomas:
- Appearance - Cysts - Necrosis - Hemorrhage |
Gray and fleshy
Varies Rare Rare |
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Histopathologic findings of Ependymomas:
- Patterns x3 |
Cells form small canals as if trying to form ventricles
Branching papillae covered by ependymal epithelium Prominent Perivascular Psuedorosettes |
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Prognosis of Ependymomas
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Similar to astrocytomas
About 4 years survival rate |
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List all the neuroglial tumors. x5
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1. Astrocytomas (diffuse + anaplastic)
2. Pilocytic astrocytoma 3. Glioblastoma multiforme 4. Oligodendrogliomas 5. Ependymomas |
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What tumors account for 1%-2% of all intracranial neoplasms?
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Choroid Plexus Papilloma
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Choroid Plexus Papilloma is most prevalent in what population group?
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Young Males
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Symptoms of Choroid Plexus Papilloma results from what? x2
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1. Hemorrhage into papilloma
2. Tumor causing Hydrocephalus |
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Neuroblastoma is seen in many places, but more common in what anatomical area?
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Frontal lobe
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Neuroblastoma is most common in what population group?
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Below the age of 10.
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Small blue cell tumor is also known as what?
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Neuroblastoma
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Medulloblastoma arises in where?
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Cerebellum
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Prevalence of Medulloblastoma
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2/3 in children (midline)
1/3 in 15-35 y.o. (lateral) 2:1 males |
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Medullablastoma is frequently spread via what? What does this lead to?
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CSF
Hydrocephalus |
