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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 3 methylxanthines.
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Theophylline
Caffeine Theobromine |
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List the general pharmacological properties of methylxanthines. x4
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Diuresis
Stimulate CNS Stimulate Cardiac muscle Relaxes Smooth muscle (esp. bronchial muscles) |
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Describe the effectiveness of CNS stimulation to each methylxanthine.
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Theophylline produces profound and potentially dangerous CNS stimulation than caffeine
Theobromine is virtually inactive |
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Describe the association of seizures to methylxanthines.
- type of seizure? - which methylxanthine? - what dosage? |
Focal and generalized seizures
Theophylline At 50% above therapeutic levels |
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Describe the association of respiration to methylxanthines.
- affects what? - affects by doing what? - especially evident when? - give two examples? |
Stimulates Medullary respiration centers
Increases CO2 sensitivity in medullary centers When respiration is depressed Stimulates respiration for apneas in pre-term babies Stimulates respiration for opioid induced respiratory depression. |
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Describe the association of GI complications with methylxanthines.
- symptoms - due by stimulation of what? - which methylxanthine? |
Nausea and Vomiting
CNS stimulation Theophylline - in upper therapeutic ranges |
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Describe the affects of methylxanthine on heart rate at varying dosages.
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Low concentration - decreases heart rate due to vagal stimulation
Therapeutic concentration - increases heart rate High concentration - results in definite tachycardia and possible arrhythmias. |
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Physiologically, methylxanthines increase HR by doing what two things?
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1. Increase contractile force
2. Decrease cardiac preload |
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In patients with heart failure, methylxanthines......
- does what? - affects blood pressure how? - duration of effect |
Increases cardiac output (via cardiac stimulation)
Decreases high venous pressure Persists for 30 minutes |
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What does methylxanthine do to peripheral vascular resistance?
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Decreases it
regardless of changes in arterial blood pressure |
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What does methylxanthines do to blood flow and how x2?
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Increases it
by increasing cardiac output and vasodilation |
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What does methylxanthines do to cerebrovascular resistance?
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Increases it.
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What does methylxanthine do to cerebral blood flow?
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Decreases it.
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Describe the effect of methylxanthine in hypotensive HA and how?
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Relief
via decrease in cerebral blood flow and increase in cerebrovascular resistance. |
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What does methylxanthine do to coronary blood flow and how?
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Increases it
via dilation of coronary arteries |
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Describe the effects of methylxanthine on smooth muscles.
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Relaxation especially in bronchi.
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Describe the effects of methylxanthine on skeletal muscle.
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Increases capacity for muscular work.
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Describe the secretory effects of methylxanthine.
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Augments release of secretory products in number of exocrine and endocrine tissues.
Inhibits release of secretion by Mast Cells and Mediators of Inflammation. |
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Describe the regimen of caffeine intake for patients with peptic ulcers.
- Must do what? - why? |
Limit caffeine intake
Caffeine will increase pepsin and gastric acid, which will exacerbate peptic ulcers. |
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What is the lethal dose of caffeine?
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5 to 10 g.
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After 1 gram of caffeine, what are some side effects x7.
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Restlessness
Excitement Delirium Tachycardia Insomnia Tense muscles Increased respiration |
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After 1 gram of caffeine, what are some sensory disturbances x2?
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Ringing of ears
Flashes of light |
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Fatal intoxication is most common with which methylxanthine?
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Theophylline
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Rapid IV infusion of Theophylline can lead to what via what?
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Death via cardiac arrhythmia.
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List the toxic effects of rapid, repetitive methylxanthine IV push. x11
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1. Palpitations
2. Agitations 3. Convulsions 4. Tachycardia 5. Emesis 6. Nausea 7. Seizures 8. Dizzyness 9. Death 10. Headache 11. HYPO tension |
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For treatment of Bronchial asthma (status asthmaticus), theophylline compounds can be used as prophylactic drugs.
- combo with what? - what level of treatment? |
Adenocorticosteroids
Third line treatment |
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For treatment of Bronchial asthma, theophylline compounds can be used as bronchodilating agents.
- what is required? - combo with what for low doses? |
Careful individual titration between therapeutic and toxic levels
Beta 2 Adrenergic agonists |
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What other respiratory disease is treated with theophylline?
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COPD
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For bronchial asthma, theophylline can be used for what two effects?
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Prophylactic
Bronchodilating |
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Pentoxyphilline treatment for?
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Chronic Occlusive Arterial Dx.
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How does pentoxyphilline provide treatment?
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Improved flexibility of erythrocytes
Reduced blood viscosity |
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Pentoxyfylline
- Some utility in? - Potential utility in? - No utility in? |
cerebrovascular disease
Sickle Cell Anemia Bronchodilator |
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Methylphenidate
- Prominent effects in what rather than what? |
Mental rather than motor activities
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Methylphenidate
- large dose can lead to what? |
Convulsion
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Methylphenidate
- pharmacologically similar to what? - why? |
Amphetamines
Decreased reuptake of amine NT |
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What CNS stimulator improves behavior, concentration, and learning ability?
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Methylphenidate
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Methylphenydate is therapeutically used for what diseases/disorders? x3
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Hyperkinetic syndrome
ADHD Narcolepsy |
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Ritalin is what?
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Methylphenidate
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Name a compound similar to methylphenidate?
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Pemoline
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How is pemoline different from methylphenidate?
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Longer half life
Minimal cardiovascular effects Delayed clinical improvement |
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Dextroamphetamine is used to treat what? Is there danger?
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ADHD and Weight Loss
Possible abuse potential |
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What is a non-stimulatory treatment for ADHD? What does it do?
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Atomoxetine
NE uptake inhibitor |
