M2-C2-L39 --> Limbic System I

Front 1

Limbic system function

Back 1

Instinctive behavioral mechanisms and emotions directed towards survival

Front 2

On which side of the limbic system is emotion expressed more intensely?

Back 2

Left

Front 3

Which hemisphere expresses emotion more intensely?

Back 3

Right

Front 4

List the general clinical disorders associated with the Limbic system.

Back 4

Substance abuse
Psychosis
Anxiety Disorder
Mood Disorder
Memory Disorder

Front 5

Describe the pathway of the Papez circuit.

Back 5

Entorhinal Area
Hippocampus
Fornix
Mammillary body

(also Ant. Nucleus of Thalamus and Septal)

Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampus

Front 6

What is the function of the Papez circuit?

Back 6

Focuses emotion
Intensifies emotion
Mediates emotion

Front 7

The Papez circuit is a substrate for what?

Back 7

Minor Depression
Anxiety
Stress
Suffering

Front 8

Most anxiety disorders and minor depressions are treated with mild tranquilizers that do what?

Back 8

Potentiate GABA

Front 9

What surgery is known to decrease anxiety and suffering?

Back 9

Cingulotomy

Bilateral section of cingulum

Front 10

List the limbic system pathways.

Back 10

Medial Forebrain bundle
Ventral Amygdalofugal
Papez circuit of emotion
Striae Medullaris thalami
Striae Terminalis

Front 11

What is the main input for the Papez circuit and how does it get there?

Back 11

Olfactory

Olfactory bulb to
Amygdala to
Entorhinal area

Front 12

Describe the stria medullaris thalami pathway.

Back 12

Olfactory bulb
Septal nucleus
Habenula
Reticular Formation (feeding center)

Front 13

What pathway does the feeding center use and what is the physiological response to activation?

Back 13

Striae Medullaris Thalami

Salivation
Swallowing
Secretion of stomach acid

Front 14

What are the types of reactions illicited by the Papez circuit (give examples of each), and what mediates them?

Back 14

Catabolic (fight or flight)
Anabolic (Eating, Drinking, Sex)

Hypothalamus and Frontal lobe

Front 15

What are the four types of systems for memory?

Back 15

Reflex
Procedural
Associative
Declarative

Front 16

What are the two forms of Reflex learning?

Back 16

Habitual - reduced response to repetitive stimulus

Sensitization - increased response to repetitive stimulus

Front 17

Procedural memory occurs in what part of brain?

Back 17

Cerebellum

Front 18

Associative memory occurs in what part of brain?

Back 18

Amygdala

Front 19

Declarative memory occurs in what part of brain?

Back 19

Hippocampus

Front 20

Describe what happens in the HABITUATION memory reflex.

Back 20

Repetitive stimulus leads to

Inactivation of CALCIUM channels, thus

Less NT is released

No change in the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons.

Front 21

Describe what happens in the SENSITIZATION memory reflex.

Back 21

Repetitive stimulus result in

inactivation of POTASSIUM channels, thus

More NT is released

No change in the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons.

Front 22

The hippocampus uses what two mechanisms for memory processing?

Back 22

LTP (Long Term Potentiation)

LTD (Long Term Depression)

Front 23

Describe the post-synaptic changes that occur with Declarative memory processing in the hippocampus.

Back 23

There will be changes in the postsynaptic

Front 24

LTP enhances synaptic transmission via what receptors?

Back 24

NMDA

Front 25

Describe how LTP works.

Back 25

A calcium activated, SECONDARY messenger,

causes release of Nitric Oxide (from postsynaptic cell)

which will diffuse to presynaptic terminals,

causing enhanced NT release.

Front 26

LTP results in what synthesis?

Back 26

New protein

Front 27

cAMP regulatory proteins do what?

Back 27

Activate genes to initiate growth of new synaptic connections.

Front 28

What are the functions of the hippocampus? x2

Back 28

1. Role in Papez circuit of emotion

2. Process short term memory to long term memory.

Front 29

The Right hemisphere of the hippocampus processes what type of data?

Back 29

Visual Spatial data

Front 30

The Left hemisphere of the hippocampus processes what type of data?

Back 30

Verbal data

Front 31

Trigger cells for retrieval of long term memory are localized where?

Back 31

Lateral temporal lobe

Front 32

Anterograde Amnesia is due to lesions where?

Back 32

Temporal lobe (hippocampus)

Front 33

Retrograde Amnesia is due to lesions where?

Back 33

Adjacent temporal lobe areas

Front 34

What is unique about the dentate gyrus?

Back 34

Has capacity for neurogenesis

Front 35

Describe how LTP works.

Back 35

A calcium activated, SECONDARY messenger,

causes release of Nitric Oxide (from postsynaptic cell)

which will diffuse to presynaptic terminals,

causing enhanced NT release.

Front 36

LTP results in what synthesis?

Back 36

New protein

Front 37

cAMP regulatory proteins do what?

Back 37

Activate genes to initiate growth of new synaptic connections.

Front 38

What are the functions of the hippocampus? x2

Back 38

1. Role in Papez circuit of emotion

2. Process short term memory to long term memory.

Front 39

The Right hemisphere of the hippocampus processes what type of data?

Back 39

Visual Spatial data

Front 40

The Left hemisphere of the hippocampus processes what type of data?

Back 40

Verbal data

Front 41

Trigger cells for retrieval of long term memory are localized where?

Back 41

Lateral temporal lobe

Front 42

Anterograde Amnesia is due to lesions where?

Back 42

Temporal lobe (hippocampus)

Front 43

Retrograde Amnesia is due to lesions where?

Back 43

Adjacent temporal lobe areas

Front 44

What is unique about the dentate gyrus?

Back 44

Has capacity for neurogenesis

Front 45

What are the symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Back 45

Anterograde amnesia (Korsakoff)

Confusion (Korsakoff)

Ophthalmoplegia (Wernicke)

Nystagmus (Wernicke)

Ataxia (Wernicke)

Front 46

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome would show lesions where?

Back 46

Mamillary bodies (Korsakoff)

DM thalamic nu. (Korsakoff)

Cerebellum (Wernicke)

Occulomotor (Wernicke)

Vestibular nu. (Wernicke)

Abducens (Wernicke)

Front 47

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is induced by what?

Back 47

Alcohol abuse

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency

Front 48

What is the etiology of Alzheimer's Dementia?

Back 48

Loss of cholinergic input from Nucleus Basilis of Meynert in Ventral Pallidum.

Entorhinal area affected prior to hippocampus

Front 49

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's Dementia?

Back 49

Anterograde amnesia

Dementia (75% of dementia's)

Front 50

Describe the pathology of Alzheimer's dementia.

Back 50

Beta Amyloid plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles

Front 51

Describe etiology of Temporal lobe epilepsy.

Back 51

Recurrent seizure disorder preceded by sensory hallucinations

(often olfactory, initiated in Uncus - "uncinate fits")

Front 52

What are the symptoms of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?

Back 52

Anterograde amnesia

Automatsim

Preservations

Front 53

What are the pathways involving the Amygdala?

Back 53

Ventral Amygdalofugal pathway

Stria Terminalis

Front 54

Describe the Ventral Amygdafugal pathway.

Back 54

Starts from the Amygdala

Goes to both:
- entorhinal
- hypothalamus

If hypothalamus, will go to DM, then frontal lobe for decision making.

Front 55

Describe the Stria Terminalis pathway

Back 55

Starts from the Amygdala

Goes to both:
- entorhinal
- hypothalamus

If hypothalamus, then will follow the ventricle system to get there.

Then, will go to DM, then frontal lobe for decision making.

Front 56

The amygdala is associated with type of learning?

Back 56

Associative

Subconscious

Front 57

What is the function of the Amygdala?

Back 57

Alerts and directs attention to the frontal lobe in behavioral response to instincts and associative learning (especially related to fear and aggression)

Front 58

Which side of the amygdala develops better in males, and which connections will this enhance?

Back 58

Right side

Connection with motor areas

Front 59

Which side of the amygdala develops better in females, and which connections will this enhance?

Back 59

Left side

Connection with limbic areas

Front 60

Which pathway is associated with the Rage Reaction (not the sham rage reaction)?

Back 60

Ventral Amygdafugal pathway

Front 61

Describe the difference between hypothalamus mediated "sham" rage and amygdala mediated rage

Back 61

Sham rage is instant ON and OFF

Rage response (via ventral amygdafugal pathway) is slow to build and slow to dissipate.

Front 62

Lesions to the amygdala would manifest what symptoms?

Back 62

Placidity - loss of self protective response (e.g. - fear, rage, anger)

Loss of Associative learning

Pyschic blindness

Front 63

Kluver-Bucy syndrome is caused by what?

Back 63

Ablation of anterior temporal lobe (including amygdala and hippocampus)

Front 64

What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Back 64

Psychic blindness
Placidity
Anterograde amnesia
Deviant or hypersexual behavior