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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Public health is a field that is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community or population whereas population medicine is more described as...
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a basic science discipline of medicine that uses the principles and methods of EPIDEMIOLOGY and BIOSTATISTICS to study health and disease in populations.
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What are the levels of prevention? Describe 'em.
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Primary prevention: reduction of disease incidence before disease occurs. (immunization, healthy lifestyle, seatbelt use) Secondary prevention: early detection and treatment of diseases (dental exams, blood pressure checks, cholesterol checks) Tertiary prevention: reduction of further complications or management of disease (care management of stroke patient)
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Why is evidence based medicine important?
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Develop and maintain knowledge needed to treat patients appropriately. It helps professionals stay current by reading medical literature.
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Epidemiology is the study of...
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the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
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Descriptive epidemiology allows the characterization of the disease occurence by ______, _____, ______, ______ and ultimately helps generate....
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place, time and person.
Descriptive epi helps understand WHAT, WHO, WHEN, WHERE and ultimately helps generate a hypothesis. |
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Analytic epidemiology attempts to provide the evidence for...
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causal relationship between the risk factor and the outcome. It answers WHY and HOW the disease happened and helps prove a hypothesis.
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___________ helps generate a hypothesis while __________ helps prove a hypothesis.
(a) analytic epidemiology , descriptive epidemiology (b) descriptive epidemiology, analytic epidemiology |
(a) descriptive : generates hypothesis
(b) analytic : proves a hypothesis |
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Compare and contrast epidemics, endemics and pandemics.
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Epidemics is an increase in the occurrence of disease/condition/event clearly in excess of baseline. (Ex. flu) Endemics are disease/condition/event CONSTANTLY PRESENT in human populations. (Ex. malaria) Pandemics are WIDESPREAD epidemics over large geographic proportion. (Ex. HIV/AIDS)
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Differentiate infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence.
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Infectivity is the proportion of exposed persons who become infected (ex. flu is highly infective). Pathogenicity is the proportion of infected persons who develop clinical disease. Virulence is the proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill. (ex. rabies)
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What are general stages of the natural history of disease transmission?
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SUSCEPTIBILITY: disease free state but with potential to have the disease. INFECTION. LATENCY/INCUBATION PERIOD: sub-clinical disease state. SYMPTOMATIC: clinical disease signs and symptoms develop.
NON-DISEASE: stage of recovery, disability or death. |
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Differentiate between active immunity, passive immunity and herd immunity.
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Active: develops antibodies in response to infection, vaccine or toxoid. Passive immunity: acquire mother's antibodies before birth or antibodies injections rec'd. Herd immunity: high proportion of individuals in a population is immune or resistant so chain of infection interrupted.
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The purpose of epidemiology is to.... [five]
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(1) Identify etiology
(2) Determine extent (# and proportion of ppl affected by disease) (3) Understand natural history of disease (4) Evaluate new therapeutic and prevention measures (5) Provide the foundation for developing public policy and regulatory medicine |
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Differentiate between ratios, proportions and rates.
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Ratios are X:Y.
Proportions are basically percents. Rate = proportion with a time component. For example. 4 females and 6 males. Of females to male, ratio = 4:6 . Proportion of females = 40% |
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_____ is the measure of risk for disease with a time component
(a) Proportion (b) Rate (c) Ratio |
Rate
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________ refers to the occurrence of new cases in a population over a period of time
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Incidince
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_____ is a measure of risk of developing a disease in a specified population during a specified period of time whereas _____ is the measure of risk for disease with a time component.
(a) Incidence Rate, Rate (b) Rate, Incidence Rate (c) Ratio, Rate |
(a) Incidence Rate, Rate
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There are two types of Incidence Rate. Name em and describe em.
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Cumulative Incidence (CI): is the proportion of people who become diseased during a specified period of time
Incidence Density (ID): measure of risk in a CHANGING population where people are free of disease at start and observed for onset of disease thru diff time periods. Calculated from cohort studies. Person-time is the unit often used. |
